TRPV1 & P2X3-Daily Double

Low pH and Chronic Muscle Pain

Our Pain and Inflammation Antibodies are routinely used for chronic pain. I would like to highlight a recent publication referencing use of our  Guinea Pig TRPV1 and Pig 2X3 Antibodies and Blocking Peptides:

James P. Lund,Somayeh Sadeghi,Tuija Athanassiadis, Nadia Caram Salas, François Auclair, Benoît Thivierge, Isabel Arsenault, Pierre Rompré, Karl-Gunnar Westberg, and Arlette Kolta.Assessment of the Potential Role of Muscle Spindle Mechanoreceptor Afferents in Chronic Muscle Pain in the Rat Masseter Muscle. PLoS One. 2010; 5(6): e11131. Published online 2010 June 15 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011131.

Conclusions/Significance

Low pH leads to changes in several electrical properties of MSA, including initiation of ectopic action potentials which could propagate centrally but could also invade the peripheral endings causing glutamate release and activation of nearby nociceptors within the spindle capsule. This peripheral drive could contribute both to the transition to, and maintenance of, persistent muscle pain as seen in some “functional” pain syndromes.

Images: Photomicrographs of trigeminal ganglion neurons stained with TRPV1 and P2X3.

Related Reagents:

Pain and Inflammation Research Antibodies

Neurotransmission

Primary Neurons and Astrocytes-Primary human, rat and mouse neurons and astrocytes

Otx2 (Orthodenticle Homeobox 2) and Parkinson's Disease

Our Otx2 Antibody is a potent marker for Human, Mouse and Rat Midbrain Dopamanergic Progenitors.

This is confirmed by a recent publication by Dr. Ole Isaacson et al:

Chee Yeun Chung, Pawel Licznerski, Kambiz N. Alavian, Antonio Simeone, Zhicheng Lin, Eden Martin, Jeffery Vance and Ole Isacson. The transcription factor orthodenticle homeobox 2 influences axonal projections and vulnerability of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Brain Advance Access published online on June 23, 2010 Brain, doi:10.1093/brain/awq142... anti-Otx2 (Neuromics, 1:500)...

Abstract: Two adjacent groups of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, A9 (substantia nigra pars compacta) and A10 (ventral tegmental area), have distinct projections and exhibit differential vulnerability in Parkinson’s disease. Little is known about transcription factors that influence midbrain dopaminergic subgroup phenotypes or their potential role in disease. Here, we demonstrate elevated expression of the transcription factor orthodenticle homeobox 2 in A10 dopaminergic neurons of embryonic and adult mouse, primate and human midbrain. Overexpression of orthodenticle homeobox 2 using lentivirus increased levels of known A10 elevated genes, including neuropilin 1, neuropilin 2, slit2 and adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide in both MN9D cells and ventral mesencephalic cultures, whereas knockdown of endogenous orthodenticle homeobox 2 levels via short hairpin RNA reduced expression of these genes in ventral mesencephalic cultures. Lack of orthodenticle homeobox 2 in the ventral mesencephalon of orthodenticle homeobox 2 conditional knockout mice caused a reduction of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and selective loss of A10 dopaminergic projections. Orthodenticle homeobox 2 overexpression protected dopaminergic neurons in ventral mesencephalic cultures from Parkinson’s disease-relevant toxin, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, whereas downregulation of orthodenticle homeobox 2 using short hairpin RNA increased their susceptibility. These results show that orthodenticle homeobox 2 is important for establishing subgroup phenotypes of post-mitotic midbrain dopaminergic neurons and may alter neuronal vulnerability.

Image: Characterization of the human neuroectodermal precursors. Otx2 Staining of forebrain-midbrain rosettes (dilution 1:1000).

All Publications Referencing Neuromics Purified Goat Polyclonal Otx2

Related Reagents to Consider:

• Otx2-Mouse 
• Stem Cell Research Reagents

Nestin as a Marker for Astrocytomas

I recently highlighted the growing parade of pubs referencing use of our reagents for Cancer Research.

I would like to add a new one. Angogenesis of Astrocytomas show stem like properties. This makes our Nestin Antibodies excellent markers.

J H Tchaicha, A K Mobley, M G Hossain, K D Aldape and J H McCarty. A mosaic mouse model of astrocytoma identifies αvβ8 integrin as a negative regulator of tumor angiogenesis. Oncogene , (7 June 2010) doi:10.1038/onc.2010.199...chicken anti-Nestin IgY (Neuromics, Edina, MN, USA)...

Abstract: Angiogenesis involves a complex set of cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions that coordinately promote and inhibit blood vessel growth and sprouting. Although many factors that promote angiogenesis have been characterized, the identities and mechanisms of action of endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis remain unclear. Furthermore, little is known about how cancer cells selectively circumvent the actions of these inhibitors to promote pathological angiogenesis, a requisite event for tumor progression. Using mosaic mouse models of the malignant brain cancer, astrocytoma, we report that tumor cells induce pathological angiogenesis by suppressing expression of the ECM protein receptor αvβ8 integrin. Diminished integrin expression in astrocytoma cells leads to reduced activation of latent TGFβs, resulting in impaired TGFβ receptor signaling in tumor-associated endothelial cells. These data reveal that astrocytoma cells manipulate their angiogenic balance by selectively suppressing αvβ8 integrin expression and function. Finally, these results show that an adhesion and signaling axis normally involved in developmental brain angiogenesis is pathologically exploited in adult brain tumors.

Related Reagents:

Nestin Mouse Monoclonal-Cat#:MO15012
Nestin-Mouse Monoclonal-Cat#:MO15056
Nestin-Goat Polyclonal
Stem Cell Research Reagents

Cancer Reagents Pubs-Capabilities Update

We continue to grow our capaibilities and abilities to serve Cancer Researchers.

We recently highlighted the potency of our i-Fect ™ siRNA transfection kits for deliveriny siRNA to glioblastomas.

Joseph George, Naren L. Banik, Swapan K. Ray. Combination of hTERT Knockdown and IFN-γ Treatment Inhibited Angiogenesis and Tumor Progression in Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(23):7186–95

...with i-Fect transfection reagent (Neuromics) to obtain 5 μg DNA/10 μL of injection volume...

Here're several new publications highlighting use of our Cancer Research Antibodies:

Mauricio P. Pinto, Melanie M. Badtke, Michelle L. Dudevoir, J. Chuck Harrell, Britta M. Jacobsen and Kathryn B. Horwitz. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Secreted by Activated Stroma Enhances Angiogenesis and Hormone-Independent Growth of Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer. Cancer Research 70, 2655, April 1, 2010. Published Online First March 23, 2010; doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-4373 © 2010 American Association for Cancer Research.

...Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) was assayed by immunohistochemistry (rabbit polyclonal; Neuromics). Statistical analyses Data were analyzed with GraphPad software using either Student's t test or ANOVA followed by a Tukey's...

Nina Bergelin, Christoffer Löf, Sonja Balthasar, Veronica Kalhori, and Kid Törnquist. S1P1, and VEGFR-2 Form a Signaling Complex with Extracellularly Regulated Kinase 1/2 and Protein Kinase C-alpha Regulating ML-1 Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Migration. This version published online on May 25, 2010. Endocrinology, doi:10.1210/en.2009-1387

...conjugated goat antirabbit from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA). Rearranged in transformation (RET) antibody was from Neuromics (Edina, MN). Secondary antibodies (Alexa Fluor goat antirabbit 568 and goat antimouse 488) for immunocytochemistry were obtained from MolecularProbes...

New Markers:

Ogg1, Biotinylated
Ogg1, HRP Conjugated
p95/NBS1
Pin-1

Image: HeLa cells stained with Pin-1 (1:1,000 dilution, green) and fibrillarin (red). Pin-1 stains the nuclear matrix and, much more faintly, the cytoplasm. The fibrillarin antibody marks nucleoli.

STEMEZ(TM) hNP1 Cells and Neuroprotection Studies

Neuroinflammation has been shown to be a potent negative regulator of stem cell and progenitor cell proliferation in the neurogenic regions of the brain.

Here researchers used our STEMEZ(TM) hNP1 Human Neural Progenitors Expansion Kit to study the neuroprotection capabilities of a propriety nutraceutical formulation.

Adam D. Bachstetter, Jennifer Jernberg, Andrea Schlunk, Jennifer L. Vila, Charles Hudson, Michael J. Cole, R. Douglas Shytle, Jun Tan, Paul R. Sanberg, Cyndy D. Sanberg, Cesario Borlongan, Yuji Kaneko, Naoki Tajiri, Carmelina Gemma, Paula C. Bickford. Spirulina Promotes Stem Cell Genesis and Protects against LPS Induced Declines in Neural Stem Cell Proliferation. PLoS ONE 5(5): e10496. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010496.

Abstract:Adult stem cells are present in many tissues including, skin, muscle, adipose, bone marrow, and in the brain. Neuroinflammation has been shown to be a potent negative regulator of stem cell and progenitor cell proliferation in the neurogenic regions of the brain. Recently we demonstrated that decreasing a key neuroinflammatory cytokine IL-1β in the hippocampus of aged rats reversed the age-related cognitive decline and increased neurogenesis in the age rats. We also have found that nutraceuticals have the potential to reduce neuroinflammation, and decrease oxidative stress. The objectives of this study were to determine if spirulina could protect the proliferative potential of hippocampal neural progenitor cells from an acute systemic inflammatory insult of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To this end, young rats were fed for 30 days a control diet or a diet supplemented with 0.1% spirulina. On day 28 the rats were given a single i.p. injection of LPS (1 mg/kg). The following day the rats were injected with BrdU (50 mg/kg b.i.d. i.p.) and were sacrificed 24 hours after the first injection of BrdU. Quantification of the BrdU positive cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus demonstrated a decrease in proliferation of the stem/progenitor cells in the hippocampus as a result of the LPS insult. Furthermore, the diet supplemented with spirulina was able to negate the LPS induced decrease in stem/progenitor cell proliferation. In a second set of studies we examined the effects of spirulina either alone or in combination with a proprietary formulation (NT-020) of blueberry, green tea, vitamin D3 and carnosine on the function of bone marrow and CD34+ cells in vitro. Spirulina had small effects on its own and more than additive effects in combination with NT-020 to promote mitochondrial respiration and/or proliferation of these cells in culture. When examined on neural stem cells in culture spirulina increased proliferation at baseline and protected against the negative influence of TNFα to reduce neural stem cell proliferation. These results support the hypothesis that a diet enriched with spirulina and other nutraceuticals may help protect the stem/progenitor cells from insults. Figure 7. Spirulina increases proliferation of human neural stem cells in vitro and protects against a TNFα insult.

Figure: Human neural progenitors grown under proliferation conditions were assessed by MTT assay (A) or BrdU (B) for the effects of spirulina (125 ng/ml) or NT-020 (500 ng/ml) or the two treatments combined in the presence or absence of TNFα (20 ng/ml) for 72 hours. (A) The MTT assay shows that spirulina alone or NT-020 alone increase proliferation; surprising, the in combination proliferation is decrease compare to control ** p less tan 0.005.

Related Reagents:

STEMEZ(TM) hNP1 Human Neural
Progenitors Expansion Kit

Primary Neurons and Astrocytes-Primary
human, rat and mouse neurons and astrocytes

Neuron/Glial Marker Antibodies

Neurotrophins and Growth Factor
Antibodies

Stem Cell Research Reagents-includes
cells, antibodies, proteins, media and FACS kits.

STEMEZ(TM) hNP1 Human Neural Progenitors and hN2 Primary Neurons Differentiation and Expression

I have received a growing number of requests regarding differentiation and expression patterns of our STEMEZ^TM cells. This is intended help you gain a clearer understanding. The focus of this document is G-protein Coupled Receptor Expression Patterns. This information was presented by Dr. Steve Stice and his team and the 2008 Neuroscience Conference.


INTRODUCTION

Human embryonic stem cells and their progeny can provide a novel Distribution of detectable transcripts for three cell populations tissue source for understanding developmental pathways, pharmaceutical screening and tissue replacement therapies. G-protein coupled receptors(GPCRs) comprise the largest cell-surface receptor superfamily and are the largest class of drug targets. The study of GPCR signaling in hES cells allows signaling mechanisms to be studied in endogenously expressed receptors in non-transformed cells. We characterized GPCR transcript expression in three cellular populations at different developmental stages: WAO9 human embryonic stem cells, Wa09 derived STEMEZ hNP1 and differentiated hN2 cells maintained 1 week in culture.

Goal: To characterize GPCR transcript expression in human hES cell derived neural tissue

CONCLUSIONS
• hES cells displayed the widest array of GPCR transcripts, while neural progenitors displayed the most restricted population.
• The Frizzled (FZD) family of receptors were among the most abundantly expressed transcripts across all populations.
• Neural progentitors up-regulated GPCR transcripts important to brain angiogenesis, cell proliferation, neurogenesis and cell adhesion.
• Further differentiated hN2 cells displayed up-regulation of a wider population of transcripts including GPCRs involved with neurotransmission.
• Functional assays demonstrated responses to sphingosine-1-phosphate in both hNP1 and hN2 populations of cells.
• hES cells and their derived tissue provide a unique model to study endogenous GPCR signaling in non-transformed cells for drug screening applications and to further our understanding of GPCRs role in developmental pathways.

G-protein Coupled Receptor Expression Patterns Are Altered as Human Embryonic Stem Details(pdf - 367Kb). From Poster Presented at Neuroscience 2008 by Dr. Steve Stice et al.

Dr. Steve Stice to Present the Power of StemEZ Neural Cells

Dr. Steve Stice to Present the Power of StemEZ Neural Cells

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I have profiled Steve Stice's research here. The focus has been the excellent research results he and his team at ArunA Biomedical have generated with STEMEZ(TM) hN2 Human Neurons and hNP1 Human Neural Progenitors.

The story continues. He will be presenting the latest at the 9th Annual World Pharmaceutical Congress in Philadelphia, June 14. Topics include: using these neural cell lines to study neurotoxicity in cell-based assays and disease modeling. Recent work conducted in outside laboratories demonstrates that these lines are more sensitive to environmental toxicants than traditional cellular models.

Sample high throughput assay applications:

• Cell morphology and neurite outgrowth


• Cell signaling and transcription factor expression


• Receptor and ion channel function


• Cytotoxicity
  
• Apoptosis, genotoxicity and DNA damage
  

These capabilities has been confirmed by our customers. I look for the use of the STEMEZ cell lines to continue to grow as researchers discover their value in Drug Discovery and Basic Neuroscience capabilities.

Amp up Your Results!

Labeling kits, tags, secondary antibodies and related reagents

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Labeling and tagging is an important step in your research process. This often drives the wow factor in published results. We offer some of the best and brightest including:

CHROMEO^TMsity-exhibit superior luminescence properties,
including a broad range of fluorescence excitation and emission, large
Stokes shifts, limited photobleaching and a broad pH tolerance.

ELISA Buffers and Diluents

Solulink™ Labeling Kits and Beads-The most efficient labeling kits delivering ready-to-use conjugates for the novice or the expert!

Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Staining

Strep-Tag®-One-STrEP-tag for protein complex purification.

Image: CHROMEOsity 488: HeLa cells were stained with alpha Tubulin mouse mAb (Clone 5-B-1-2) and Chromeo 488 Goat anti-mouse IgG. The nuclei have been counterstained with DAPI.

Apoptosis Signaling-Visualization and Measurement.

Apoptosis-Oxidative Stress Research Reagents are widely used and frequently referenced in customer publications. We work hard to keep our fingers on the pulse of how they are utilized across the many research areas important to our customers and add new reagents based on evolving requirements.

I recently posted publications referencing our MitoPT^TM Kits for quantitating Tumor Apoptosis

New Pub referencing Polycaspase Assay Kit, green: L. Wei, D. Ding and R. Salvi. Salicylate-induced degeneration of cochlea spiral ganglion neurons-apoptosis signaling.
doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.015.

Images: Typical confocal photomicrographs of SGN stained with Polycaspase Assay Kit (green) and with an antibody against neuronal III ß-tubulin (red) to identify SGN. (A) In control cultures, most SGN have large, oval shaped soma and neurites extending from the soma; note absence of polycaspase labeling (green). (B) SGN treated for 3 h with 5 mM SS; polycaspase labeling was present on SGN with shrunken soma. For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.

Related Reagents:

Polycaspase Assay Kit, green

Magic Red™ Real Time! Kits -Measure apoptosis in
whole living, intact cells - no lysis required

FLIVO™ Polycaspase Live!, in vivo Apoptosis Kits-New
-Designed for cancer and neurodegenerative disease applications.

FLICA™ in vitro Caspase Kits -Fast!-Use Caspase
kits to quantitate apoptosis via active caspases in whole, living
cells. These kits do not use ELISA or any antibodies for detection

FLISP™ Serine Protease Detection Kits -Measure
chymotrypsin-like protease activation in whole living cells.

MitoPT™ Kits -Quantitate mitochondrial
functionality and apoptosis

Angiogensis and CD antigens

We consider everything genesis as a core focus area. This includes embryogenesis, angiogenesis, neurogenesis and stem cell expansion and differentiation. This is important because there is an intersection between reagents and methods for studying embryo development and genesis pathways in "adult systems".

CD antigens serve as markers for growth and development. We are always on the look out for Customer Publications that reference use of these reagents in related applications. Here's one that just pinged our radar.

Karim Harhouri, Abdeldjalil Kebir, Benjamin Guillet, Alexandrine Foucault-Bertaud, Serge Voytenko, Marie-Dominique Piercecchi-Marti, Caroline Berenguer, Edouard Lamy, Frédéric Vely, Pascale Pisano, L'Houcine Ouafik, Florence Sabatier, José Sampol, Nathalie Bardin, Françoise Dignat-George, and Marcel Blot-Chabaud Soluble CD146 displays angiogenic properties and promotes neovascularization in experimental hind-limb ischemia. Blood, May 2010; 115: 3843 - 3851
Anti-rat antibodies used in this study are: anti-CD117 (Neuromics) and anti-CD146

Abstract: CD146, an endothelial molecule involved in permeability and monocyte transmigration, has recently been reported to promote vessel growth. As CD146 is also detectable as a soluble form (sCD146), we hypothesized that sCD146 could stimulate angiogenesis. Experiments of Matrigel plugs in vivo showed that sCD146 displayed chemotactic activity on endogenous endothelial cells, and exogenously injected late endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Recruited endothelial cells participated in formation of vascular-like structures. In vitro, sCD146 enhanced angiogenic properties of EPCs, with an increased cell migration, proliferation, and capacity to establish capillary-like structures. Effects were additive with those of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and sCD146 enhanced VEGFR2 expression and VEGF secretion. Consistent with a proangiogenic role, gene expression profiling of sCD146-stimulated EPCs revealed an up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, urokinase plasminogen activator, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and VEGFR2. Silencing membrane-bound CD146 inhibited responses. The potential therapeutic interest of sCD146 was tested in a model of hind limb ischemia. Local injections of sCD146 significantly reduced auto-amputation, tissue necrosis, fibrosis, inflammation, and increased blood flow. Together, these findings establish that sCD146 displays chemotactic and angiogenic properties and promotes efficient neovascularization in vivo. Recombinant human sCD146 might thus support novel strategies for therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic diseases

Image: c-KIT staining of rat skin (epidermis). c-KIT detection was done using anti-rabbit Cy3 conjugated antibodies (red color). DAPI was used to counterstain cell nuclei (blue color).Working dilution: 1:100-1:300.

Related Reagents:

• Immune Response Antibdodies


• Immune Response Proteins


• Cancer Research Antibodies


• Cancer Research Proteins


• Pain and Inflammation Research Antibodies


• Neurodegenerative Disease Antibodies


• Neurodegenerative Disease Proteins


• Apoptosis Research Reagents


• Stem Cell Research Reagents

TRPV1 Expression and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Dr Bret. Smith and his lab at Tulane have demontrated a link between Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) and VR1 N-Terminus (TRPV1) expression.

In this excellent study they showed an increase in expression in TLE mice vs controls.

Muthu D. Bhaskaran and Bret N. Smith. Effects of TRPV1 activation on synaptic excitation in the dentate gyrus of a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.01.021
...with polyclonal VR1 N-terminus (1:2500) (Neuromics, Edina)..

Abstract: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a condition characterized by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the temporal lobe. Hallmarks of this change are axon sprouting and accompanying synaptic reorganization in the temporal lobe. Synthetic and endogenous cannabinoids have variable therapeutic potential in treating intractable temporal lobe epilepsy, in part because cannabinoid ligands can bind multiple receptor types. This study utilized in vitro electrophysiological methods to examine the effect of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) activation in dentate gyrus granule cells in a murine model of TLE. Capsaicin, a selective TRPV1 agonist had no measurable effect on overall synaptic input to granule cells in control animals, but significantly enhanced spontaneous and miniature EPSC frequency in mice with TLE. Exogenous application of anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid that acts at both TRPV1 and cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1R), also enhanced glutamate release in the presence of a CB1R antagonist. Anandamide reduced the EPSC frequency when TRPV1 were blocked with capsazepine. Western blot analysis of TRPV1 receptor indicated protein expression was significantly greater in the dentate gyrus of mice with TLE compared with control mice. This study indicates that a prominent cannabinoid agonist can increase excitatory circuit activity in the synaptically reorganized dentate gyrus of mice with TLE by activating TRPV1 receptors, and suggests caution in designing anticonvulsant therapy based on modulating the endocannabinoid system.

Images: Western blot detection of TRPV1 receptor expression in the dentate gyrus. A. Diagram of dentate gyrus showing the microdissected area (box). B. Western blot showing TRPV1 receptor expression in two untreated mice and in two pilocarpine-treated mice that survived SE. Actin was used as the loading control which did not change significantly. C. Graph showing a significant (p less than 0.05; n=4) TRPV1 expression in epileptic mice.

Related Reagents:

TRPV (Vanilloid); TRPM; TRPA and TRPCs

Neurotransmission Research Antibodies-GPCRs, Ligand Gated Ion Channels, Biogenic Amines and more

Primary Neurons and Astrocytes- Primary human, rat and mouse neurons and astrocytes by Category.

MitoPT for Studying Tumor Apoptosis

We value our partnership with ICT. They provide our customers with potent and research proven Apoptosis Kits and Methods. Here we feature publications referencing our MitoPT™ Kits. These Kits easily assess changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential can correlate with cytochrome c release and the initiation of apoptosis.
A431 cells, treated with predetermined IC50
concentration of novel anticancer agents, fluoresce green and orange-red with MitoPT JC-1. Data courtesy of Zayas/ Carro, Universidad Metropolitana.
Anticancer Effects of Alpinia pricei Hayata Roots.
CL Hsu, YS Yu, GC Yen. J. Agric. Food Chem., Jan 2010, 58 (4), pp 2201–2208.

Anticancer Effects of Flavonoid Derivatives Isolated from Millettia
reticulata Benth in SK-Hep-1 Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells.
SC Fang, CL Hsu, HT Lin, GC Yen. J. Agric. Food Chem., Jan 2010, 58
(2), pp 814–820.

Mechanisms of Apoptotic Effects Induced by Resveratrol,
Dibenzoylmethane, and Their Analogues on Human Lung Carcinoma Cells.
CJ Weng, YT Yang, CT Ho, GC Yen. J. Agric. Food Chem., Jun 2009; 57
(12), pp 5235–5243.

CFR1, 5-HT2AR and Anxiety Behavior

We have a potent offering of 5HT-Serotonin Antibodies. This is confirmed by our growing parade of customer publications referencing their use.

We are pleased to present a new publication referencing use of our 5HT (Serotonin) 2A Receptor Antibody. Dr. Stephen S G Ferguson and team have discovered a link between CFR1 and 5-HT2A Receptor expression:

Ana C Magalhaes,Kevin D Holmes,Lianne B Dale,Laetitia Comps-Agrar,Dennis Lee,Prem N Yadav, Linsay Drysdale, Michael O Poulter, Bryan L Roth, Jean-Philippe Pin, Hymie Anisman& Stephen S G Ferguson. CRF receptor 1 regulates anxiety behavior via sensitization of 5-HT2 receptor signaling. Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2529. Published online11 April 2010.

Abstract: Stress and anxiety disorders are risk factors for depression and these behaviors are modulated by corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRFR1) and serotonin receptor (5-HT2R). However, the potential behavioral and cellular interaction between these two receptors is unclear. We found that pre-administration of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) into the prefrontal cortex of mice enhanced 5-HT2R–mediated anxiety behaviors in response to 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine. In both heterologous cell cultures and mouse cortical neurons, activation of CRFR1 also enhanced 5-HT2 receptor–mediated inositol phosphate formation. CRFR1-mediated increases in 5-HT2R signaling were dependent on receptor internalization and receptor recycling via rapid recycling endosomes, resulting in increased expression of 5-HT2R on the cell surface. Sensitization of 5-HT2R signaling by CRFR1 required intact PDZ domain–binding motifs at the end of the C-terminal tails of both receptor types. These data suggest a mechanism by which CRF, a peptide known to be released by stress, enhances anxiety-related behavior via sensitization of 5-HT2R signaling.

Images: (a) Dose response curves for 5-HT–stimulated inositol phosphate formation in HEK 293 cells transfected with FLAG–5-HT2AR and HA-CRFR1 and pretreated with or without 500 nM CRF for 30 min in the presence of dominant-negative dynamin I-K44A. The dose response curves represent the mean ± s.e.m. for four independent experiments. (b,c) Representative laser-scanning confocal micrographs showing the distribution of FLAG-5-HT2AR and HA-CRFR1 (b) and FLAG-5-HT2CR and HA-CRFR1 (c) in HEK 293 cells labeled with FLAG and HA antibodies at 4 °C and then warmed to 37 °C for 30 min in the absence of agonist. (d) Representative laser-scanning confocal micrographs showing the distribution of FLAG–5-HT2AR and HA-CRFR1 labeled with FLAG and HA antibodies at 4 °C and warmed to 37 °C for 30 min in the absence of agonist. (e) Representative laser-scanning confocal micrographs showing the distribution of FLAG–5-HT2AR and HA-CRFR1 transfected into rat cortical neurons labeled with FLAG and HA antibodies at 4 °C and treated with 500 nM CRF and warmed to 37 °C for 30 min. (f) Representative laser-scanning confocal micrographs showing the distribution of FLAG–5-HT2AR and HA-β2AR transfected into HEK 293 cells labeled with FLAG and HA antibodies at 4 °C and treated with 100 μM isoproterenol and warmed to 37 °C for 30 min. Micrographs are representative images of multiple cells imaged on three independent occasions. Scale bars represent 10 μm.

Related Reagents:
All 5HT-Serotonin Antibodies
Neurotransmission Research Antiboodies
Primary Neurons and Astrocytes
-Primary human, rat and mouse neurons and astrocytes

More on Neuromics' Neuron Markers

I have multiple posts on the potency of our Neuron Markers. I am pleased to present yet another reference. This on features use of our Chicken Tyrosine Hydroxylase-TH antibody. It features staining of juxtaglomerular cells in the olfactory bulb of mice:

Hans-Ulrich Fried, U. Benjamin Kaupp and Frank Müller. Hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels are differentially expressed in juxtaglomerular cells in the olfactory bulb of mice. Cell Tissue Res. 2010 March; 339(3): 463–479. Published online 2010 February 6. doi: 10.1007/s00441-009-0904-9.

Image: TH antibody staining in ET-like cell populations within the Glomerulari (GL). Dilution 1:500

Related Reagents:

• TH-Mouse Monoclonal Catalog#: MO20001
• TH-Monoclonal-High Titer Catalog#:MO22941
• All Neuron-Glial Markers
• Neurodegenerative Disease Antibodies
• Stem Cell Research Reagents
• Primary Neurons and Astrocytes-Primary human, rat and mouse neurons and astrocytes

Potent Neuron-Glial Markers

We are recognized for having top shelf Neuron/Glial Marker Antibodies. We have an extensive catalog and have customer referencing use of these in a variety of applications, species and cell types.

Cell types include neural progenitors, neurons, glia, astrocytes, schwann cells and more. We are pleased to provide present a new publication referencing use of our MAP2 (Microtubule assoc. protein 2) Antibody for immunostaining of E17 primary mouse astrocytes.

Shelley Jacobs and Laurie C. Doering. Astrocytes Prevent Abnormal Neuronal Development in the Fragile X Mouse. J. Neurosci., Mar 2010; 30: 4508 - 4514 ; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5027-09.2010.

After 7 d in vitro (DIV), the cells were fixed with ice-cold (–20°C) methanol and processed for immunocytochemistry. After the appropriate serum block, the cells were incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. Secondary antibodies were applied for 3 h at room temperature. The following antibody, diluted in 1% BSA, was used: chicken microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) (1:20,000; Neuromics) and anti-chicken FITC (1:100; Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories). Coverslips were mounted with Vectashield fluorescent mounting medium with 4`,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI).

Images: Effects of astrocytes on the growth of hippocampal neurons in coculture at 7 DIV. E17 primary hippocampal neurons were cocultured with P0–P1 primary cortical astrocytes for 7 DIV in each of four coculture conditions. a, Immunofluorescent images of neurons in each of the four culture combinations. Neurons are stained with an antibody directed against the neuronal dendritic marker, MAP2. Scale bar, 100 µm. b, Quantification of percentage of surviving neurons at 7 DIV in each of the four culture conditions. Data shown are mean values ± SEM from two or three independent experiments (10–15 regions of 1.5 mm2 from 2 coverslips per experiment). Significant differences revealed by post hoc Tukey's tests are indicated (p less than 0.001).

Related Reagents

• Stem Cell Research Antibodies


• Stem Cell Research Reagents


• Primary Neurons and Astrocytes-Primary
  human, rat and mouse neurons and astrocytes

Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Cultures

Our customers have had great success dissociating and culturing our Fresh E18 and E20Rat Primary Neuronal Tissue. They have proven useful for a variety of cell based assays.

Here're several publications referencing use of the neurons:

Lisette T. Arnaud, Natura Myeku and Maria E. Figueiredo-Pereira. Proteasome–caspase–cathepsin sequence leading to tau pathology induced by prostaglandin J2 in neuronal cells. Journal of Neurochemistry. Volume 110 Issue 1, Pages 328 - 342 .

Karunya K. Kandimalla1, Olenych G. Scott, Smita Fulzele1, Michael W. Davidson, Joseph F. Poduslo. Mechanism of Neuronal versus Endothelial Cell Uptake of Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid β Protein. PLoS ONE 4(2): e4627. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004627.

The most challenging of our neurons to culture are from the microdissect E18 rat Hypothalamus. Big Kudos to Dr. Dan Ryder for his excellent job culturing them. He also generously shared these images: (A) 5X1 (B) 40X5 Brightfield.

Related Reagents:
STEMEZ(TM) hN2 Human Neurons Discovery Kit
Frozen Primary Rat Cortical Neurons
E18 Rat Primary Neuronal Tissue - ASTROCYTE CULTURES
Neuron/Glial Marker Antibodies
Neurotrophins-Neuron/Glial Marker Recombinant Proteins

New Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Neuromics' is responding to growing demand for Stem Cell Research Reagents.

This includes the addition of human stem cells giving researchers the ability to create consistent cultures of primary cells. Our first offering was STEMEZ ^TM hNP1 Human Neural Progenitors. We have received positive feedback on these regarding ease of use and quality.

We are pleased to announce the addition of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Image: Pancreas-derived human mesenchymal stem cells labeled with a CD44 monoclonal antibody conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), which detects the CD44 cell surface protein.

They are isolated from human adult pancreas and can be induced to differentiate into beta-cells, which is a significant product in the diabetes research area. MSCs to Beta Cells Protocol.

This is extremely important due to the low yield of islets from patients/donors. These cells could be a functional equivalent to normal beta-cells and could restore proper endocrine function to the pancreas.

In addition, protocols are available to differentiate these cells into osteocytes, adipocytes, chondrocytes and hepatocytes.

We will keep you posted on customer results with this important new product.

Neuropeptides and Large Dense Core Vesicles

We continue to be recognized by for the quantity and quality of our Neuropeptide and Neuropeptide Receptor Antibodies for studying Neurotransmission and Pain.

We wanted to feature an new article referencing use of our Guinea Pig Substance Antibody. Dr. Richard Mains and his team shed light on the function and behavior of large dense core
vesicles (LDCVs) concluding that under basal conditions, LDCVs move faster away from the soma than toward the soma, but fewer LDCVs travel anterograde than retrograde. Stimulation decreased average anterograde velocity and increases granule pausing. Data from antibody uptake, quantification of enzyme secretion and appearance of pHluorin fluorescence demonstrate distributed release of peptides all along the axon, not just at terminals.
Jacqueline A Sobota , William A Mohler , Ann E Cowan , Betty A Eipper and Richard E Mains. Dynamics of peptidergic secretory granule transport are regulated by neuronal stimulation. BMC Neuroscience 2010, 11:32doi:10.1186/1471-2202-11-32.

Image: Sustance P staining of trigeminal ganglia from P3-P5 rat pups-note this pub features some of the best IHC staining we have seen.

Related Products and Product Categories:
Substance P-Pure
Substance-P-Mouse Monoclonal
Neurokinin-1 (NK 1) Receptor
Neurokinin-1 (NK 1) Human Receptor
Neurokinin-3 (NK 3) Receptor
proNeurokinin B (proNKB or P2)
Neurotransmission Research Antibodies
Neuropeptide and Neuropeptide Receptor Antibodies
Pain and Inflammation Antibodies
Diabetes and Obesity Antibodies
Primary Neurons and Astrocytes- Primary human, rat and mouse neurons and astrocytes.

Vitamin A and Hirschsprung Disease

Dr Robert O. Heuckeroth and his team at Washington University have been a long time user of Neuromics' Neurotrophins and Growth Factor and Neuropeptide and Neuropeptide Receptor Antibodies.

This has resulted in our monitoring his work on Enteric Nervous System (ENS) Development andHirschsprung Disease. We are pleased to present the most recent article referencing use of our Ret Antibody. In this study, he and his team find a link between Vitamin A and the disease. This suggests that some cases of Hirschsprung disease might be preventable by optimizing maternal nutrition.

Ming Fu, Yoshiharu Sato, Ariel Lyons-Warren, Bin Zhang, Maureen A. Kane, Joseph L. Napoli, and Robert O. Heuckeroth Vitamin A facilitates enteric nervous system precursor migration by reducing Pten accumulation. Development, Feb 2010; 137: 631 - 640.

Featured Reagent:

• Ret

Related Reagents:

• Ret Biotinylated
• Ret (C-Terminus Fused)
• Ret-Fluorescein Labeled
• Ret-Allophycocyanin Labeled
• Ret-Phycoerythrin Labeled
• Neurotrophins and Growth Factor Antibodies
• Neurotrophins-Neuron/Glial Marker Recombinant Proteins
• Neuron/Glial Markers
• Stem Cell Research Reagents

Making Gains on Pain Research

Neuromics' Pain Research Customers continue to make gains using our Pain and Inflammation Research Antibodies and Transfection Kits. Here are the latest pubs:

Hua Zhang and A. S. Verkman. Aquaporin-1 Tunes Pain Perception by Interaction with Nav1.8 Na+ Channels in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. February 19, 2010 The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 285, 5896-5906.

...chicken anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; 1:500, Neuromics, Edina, MN)...

Nathaniel A. Sowa, Bonnie Taylor-Blake, and Mark J. Zylka. Ecto-5'-Nucleotidase (CD73) Inhibits Nociception by Hydrolyzing AMP to Adenosine in Nociceptive Circuits. The Journal of Neuroscience, February 10, 2010, 30(6):2235-2244; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5324-09.2010.

...rabbit anti-P2X3-RA10109, Neuromics; 1:750), rabbit anti- VR1 C-Terminus (TRPV1) - mouse specific (RA14113, Neuromics; 1:750

Images: Images: Confocal images showing the effect of RTX on mu opioid receptor and TRPV1 immunoreactive DRG neurons and afferent terminals in the spinal cord. A: representative confocal images showing mu opioid receptor (green) and TRPV1 (red) immunoreactivities in DRG neurons of one vehicle- and one RTX-treated rat. Scale bar, 40 um. B: confocal images showing mu opioid receptor (green) and TRPV1 (red) immunoreactivities in afferent terminals in the spinal dorsal horn of 1 vehicle- and 1 RTX-treated rat. Scale bar, 80 um. Inset: high-magnification images (scale bar = 5 um) showing co-localization of mu opioid receptor and TRPV1 immunoreactivity in the lamina I. Co-localization of the mu opioid receptor and TRPV1 immunoreactivity is indicated in yellow when 2 images are digitally merged. All images are single confocal optical sections. Shao-Rui Chen and Hui-Lin Pan. Loss of TRPV1-Expressing Sensory Neurons Reduces Spinal mu-Opioid Receptors But Paradoxically Potentiates Opioid Analgesia. doi:10.1152/jn.01343.2005.

Neuromics' i-Fect ™ siRNA Transfection Reagent continues to be used a tool for studying expression of genes suspected to paly a role in pain . Expression studies include: DOR , The β3 subunit of the Na+,K+-ATPase, rSNSR1, NTS1. NAV1.8, Ca_V1.2 and more.

Here's a link to all transfection publications: Transfection Kit Pubs

Related Reagents:

Neurotransmission Research Antibodies-GPCRs, Ligand Gated Ion Channels, Biogenic Amines and more Opioid Neuropeptides

Purinergic Receptors Primary Neurons and Astrocytes- Primary human, rat and mouse neurons and astrocytes by Category

Opioid Receptors TRPV (Vanilloid); TRPM; TRPA and TRPCs

Turning Placenta Into Brain

We are pleased to feature a recent publication featuring:

C. Bettina Portmann-Lanz PhD, Andreina Schoeberlein PhD, Reto Portmann PhD, Stefan Mohr MD, Pierre Rollini PhD, Ruth Sager1 and Daniel V. Surbek MD. Turning placenta into brain: placental mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into neurons and oligodendrocytes. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.10.893... β-Tubulin III (Tuj-1), Mouse, Neuromics...

The researchers successfully induced neural stem (NSC) and progenitor cells (NPC) from human placental tissues.

Here are the highlights:

Study Design
Placental stem cells from first-trimester placental chorionic villi and term chorion were isolated. Neural differentiation was initiated with plating on collagen, retinoic acid, and/or human brain-derived neurotrophic factor and epidermal and fibroblast growth factor. Differentiation into neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes was monitored by immunohistochemistry. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and tandem mass spectrometry were used to identify proteins involved in the differentiation.

Results
Differentiated cells were mostly immediately postmitotic with some more but not fully mature postmitotic neurons. Neurons had dopaminergic or serotonergic character. Some cells differentiated into predominantly immature oligodendrocytes. Upon differentiation, neuron-specific proteins were up-regulated, whereas placental proteins were reduced.

Conclusion
Stem cells derived from human placenta can be differentiated into neural progenitors.

Featured Antibody
Tuj 1 (Neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin)-Mouse

Related Reagents:
NSE (Neuron-Specific Enolase)

Nestin

Musashi-1

Neuron/Glial Markers

Stem Cell Research Reagents

Nucleostemin-Stem Cell Marker

Our Nucleostemin Antibody has proven a versatile Stem Cell Marker.

Researchers have referenced use of this antibody as a marker for Neural Progenitors and Muscle-Derived Stem Cells. In the most recent of our Nucleostemin Publications, Dr James Wang (University of Pittsburgh) references using the antibody for staining Tendon Progenitors/Stem Cells (TSCs):

Jianying Zhang and James H-C. Wang. Characterization of differential properties of rabbit tendon stem cells and tenocytes. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2010, 11:10doi:10.1186/1471-2474-11-10.
...The staining protocol used goat anti-human Nucleostemin Antibody (1:300; Neuromics, Cat. No. GT15050) and Cy3-conjugated donkey anti-goat IgG secondary antibody...

Image: Achilles Tendon Stem Cells (ATSCs) expressed nucleostemin. Insets show enlarged view of expressed nucleostemin in pink (bar: 50 μm).

Related Reagents:
Stem Cell Markers
All Stem Cell Research Reagents
Primary Neurons and Astrocytes-Primary human, rat and mouse neurons and astrocytes

i-Brite Plus!

We are all for reagents that brighten your day.

i-BRITE Plus is a glycerol based liquid. It can be used to stain cells and can be easily added to wells. It also will not shrink tissue. In addition standard to IHC/IF applications, it can be used to visualize GFP transfections and more.

Here's a publication referencing it: Ajay S. Yekkirala, Alexander E. Kalyuzhny and Philip S. Portoghese. Standard Opioid Agonists Activate Heteromeric Opioid Receptors: Evidence for Morphine and [d-Ala2-MePhe4-Glyol5]Enkephalin as Selective μ−δ Agonists. ACS Chem. Neurosci., Article ASAP DOI: 10.1021/cn9000236. Publication Date (Web): November 25, 2009. Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society.


After that cells were washed in PBS (3 × 15 min), counterstained with DAPI and mounted under coverslips with antifade mounting media iBright Plus (cat. no. SF40000-10; Neuromics, Inc.). Images of labeled cells were collected using Olympus FluoView1000 confocal microscope.
Images: High-magnification confocal images of double-labeling immunofluorescence for HA-δ and FLAG-μ opioid receptors. HEK-293 cells stably expressing both HA-δ and FLAG-μ opioid receptors are shown labeled for μ (A, green fluorescence) and for δ (B, red fluorescence). DAPI (blue fluorescence) has been used to stain the nuclei.

Tuj-1-Neuronal Differentiation Marker

Our Tuj-1 antibodies are widely used and frequently referenced in customer publications. They are proven markers for Neural Progenitor and Neuronal Differentiation. Here's the latest reference:

Alonso M. Higuero, Lucía Sánchez-Ruiloba1, Laura E. Doglio, Francisco Portillo1, José Abad- Rodríguez, Carlos G. Dotti and Teresa Iglesias. Kidins220/ARMS modulates the activity of microtubule-regulating proteins and controls neuronal polarity and development. JBC Papers in Press. Published on November 10, 2009 as Manuscript M109.024703.

...Tuj 1 (Neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin)-Mouse (MO15013, Neuromics Antibodies, Edina, MN)...

Immunofluorescence Method:

Cells grown on coverslips were fixed for 5 min in 4% paraformaldehydecontaining 4% sucrose in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at 37ºC. Cells were then permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS during 5 min at room temperature. After blocking (5% bovine serum albumin in PBS for 1 h), cells were incubated with the corresponding primary antibodies, and immunoreactivity was detected with the suitable fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody before mounting on slides with Mowiol4-88 (Harland Co., UK). Confocal images were acquired using an inverted Leica TCS SP5 laser confocal microscope with a 63X Plan- Achromatic oil immersion objective and processed with LAS AF Leica Application Suite and Adobe Photoshop CS2 (Adobe Systems
Inc., CA). All images correspond to the projection of sections from a ~50μm z-stack, except for colocalization analysis where they correspond to 0.5-0.7μm single sections.

Image: Rat hippocampal neurons were fixed at 1.5 DIV and immunostained for the neuronal marker βIII-Tubulin/Tuj1 (blue).

Opioid Receptors and Depression

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) have been reported to interact with the Opioid Receptor system, but their pharmacological activity at opioid receptors has not yet been elucidated.

We would like to share a recent publications that sheds more light on the mystery. Our purified rabbit ployclonal phosphoERK1/2 Antibody is also referenced.

Pierluigi Onali, Simona Dedoni and Maria C. Olianas. Direct Agonist Activity of Tricyclic Antidepressants at Distinct Opioid Receptor Subtypes. JPET January 2010 vol. 332 no. 1 255-265 .

At the cloned μ-opioid receptor, TCAs showed low affinity and no significant agonist activity. These results show that TCAs differentially regulate opioid receptors with a preferential agonist activity on either δ or κ subtypes and suggest that this property may contribute to their therapeutic and/or side effects.

Related Reagents:
phosphoERK1/2 (Rabbit MAb)
Immune Response Research Antibodies
Immune Response Research Proteins
Neurotrophins and Growth Factor Antibdodies
Neurotrophin Proteins
Pain and Inflammation Research Antibodies

Hope for Stroke Victims-Transplanting STEMEZ hNP1 Cells

In a recent publication (Jen et al., 2009) Neuromics'/ArunA’s STEMEZ^TM human neural progenitor (hNP1) cells when injected (sterotaxic) into a rat stroke model produced significant beneficial results. The hNP1 cells reduced the infarct area by 50% and were positive for neuronal marker proteins, cleaved caspase-3 and 40% of the cells showed spontaneous action potentials and excitatory postsynaptic currents measured by patch clamp recordings at 8 weeks post hNP1 cell injections. The treated rats had improves cognitive and sensorimotor functions between four to nine months post injection. These Sprague–Dawley rats were not immunosuppressed.

Kunlin Jin, XiaoOu Mao, Lin Xie, Veronica Galvan, Bin Lai, Yaoming Wang, Olivia Gorostiza, Xiaomei Wang and David A Greenberg. Transplantation of human neural precursor cells in Matrigel scaffolding improves outcome from focal cerebral ischemia after delayed postischemic treatment in rats. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism advance online publication 14 October 2009; doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.219.

Featuring:
STEMEZ(TM) hNP1 Human Neural Progenitors Discovery Kit
Other Reagents:
STEMEZ(TM) hN2 Human Neurons Discovery Kit
All Stem Cell Research Reagents
Primary Neurons and Astrocytes

New Mouse Monoclonal GFAP Antibody

Check it out!

GFAP Antibody

Excelent marker for human astrocyte intermediate filaments in the central nervous system. It has also been detected in the glial cells of the enteric nervous system and some Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous systems.

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Blood Pressure, Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Receptors and Baroreceptors

Dr. Dr. Hui-Lin Pan (Department of Anesthesiology) and his team at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center has been a loyal user of our TRPV1 (VR1) since the early days of Neuromics' existence. We appreciate their continuing to use our reagent in their research.

Here's yet another publication:

Hao Sun, De-Pei Li, Shao-Rui Chen, Walter N. Hittelman and Hui-Lin Pan. Sensing of Blood Pressure Increase by Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Receptors on Baroreceptors. doi:10.1124/jpet.109.160473

...VR1 C-terminus (TRPV1), dilution 1:1000, Neuromics...

Related Reagents:
All TRP Antibodies
Pain and Inflammation Research Antibodies
Neurotransmission -Neurotransmission Research Antibody Categories

NPY Y2R and IHC-Mouse Distal Colon

Lixin Wang, Guillaume Gourcerol, Pu-Qing Yuan, S. Vincent Wu, Mulugeta Million, Muriel Larauche, and Yvette Taché. Peripheral peptide YY inhibits propulsive colonic motor function through Y2 receptor in conscious mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol (November 5, 2009). doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00349.2009.
...Note: Excellent IHC staining of myenteric plexus and submucosal (mouse distal colon) tissue-Free floating submucosal and LMMP whole mounts of both proximal and distal colon from 3 naïve mice were treated in 10% normal goat serum each for 30 min, and followed by incubation with polyclonal rabbit anti- NPY Y2 Receptor diluted at 1:1,000 (Neuromics, Inc., Edina, MN)...

Related Antibodies to Consider:
NPY Y2 Receptor-C/N Terminus
NPY Y1 Receptor
ppNPY
All Neuropeptide and Neuropeptide Receptor Antibodies
Pain and Inflammation Research Antibodies
Diabetes and Obesity Research Antibodies