More Pubs Referencing Neuromics' mGluRs

Jakob S. Satz, Alisdair R. Philp, Huy Nguyen, Hajime Kusano, Jane Lee, Rolf Turk, Megan J. Riker, Jasmine Hernández, Robert M. Weiss, Michael G. Anderson, Robert F. Mullins, Steven A. Moore, Edwin M. Stone, and Kevin P. Campbell. Visual Impairment in the Absence of Dystroglycan. J. Neurosci., Oct 2009; 29: 13136 - 13146 ; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0474-09.2009.
....anti-mGluR6 (Neuromics)...

Lasani S. Wijetunge, Sally M. Till, Thomas H. Gillingwater, Cali A. Ingham, and Peter C. Kind. mGluR5 Regulates Glutamate-Dependent Development of the Mouse Somatosensory Cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, December 3, 2008, 28(49):13028-13037; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2600-08.2008.
...Western blotting was performed as mentioned above and membranes were probed with antibodies against mGluR5 (1:4000, Neuromics)...
Posted using ShareThis

gp130, IL-6 and Expression and Neuropathic Pain

We wanted to post yet another publication referencing use of one of our Pain and Inflammation Research Antibodies. Here the researchers used our Mouse Monoclonal gp130/CD130 for Immunohistochemistry.

Manfred Andratsch, Norbert Mair, Cristina E. Constantin, Nadja Scherbakov, Camilla Benetti, Serena Quarta, Christian Vogl, Claudia A. Sailer, Nurcan Üceyler, Johannes Brockhaus, Rudolf Martini, Claudia Sommer, Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer, Werner Müller, Rohini Kuner, John B. Davis, Stefan Rose-John, and Michaela Kress. A Key Role for gp130 Expressed on Peripheral Sensory Nerves in Pathological Pain. J. Neurosci., Oct 2009; 29: 13473 - 13483 ; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1822-09.2009

The results suggest that gp130 expressed in sensory nerves not only mediates chronic inflammatory pain, but also contributes significantly to complex interactions between immune cells, tumor cells, and nerves in the context of cancer-evoked pain. Moreover, we identify IL-6 activating gp130, Gab1/Gab2, PI3K, and PKC- and regulating TRPV1 as a key mechanism linking cytokine release to sensitization of pain-sensing nerves.

Related Links
Immune Response
Opioid Neuropeptides
Opioid Receptors
Neurotransmissiom Research Antibodies
GPCRs, Ligand Gated Ion Channels, Biogenic Amines and more
Purinergic Receptors
TRPV (Vanilloid); TRPM; TRPA and TRPCs
i-Fect Transfection Kit
gene silencing of DOR, NaV1.8 tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel, NTS2 and more in-vitro and in vivo
Primary Neurons and Astrocytes
Primary human, rat and mouse neurons and astrocytes by Category

Reagents that work for Drug Discovery and Basic Research.

We have redesigned our website! New capabilities easier for visitors to find products and related product content:

Reagents that work for Drug Discovery and Basic Research.

Posted using ShareThis

NSE and TUJ-1 and Parkinson's Disease Research

I would like to thank Meghan Coakley from University College Cork for alerting me to a new publication referencing our Chicken NSE (Neuron-Specific Enolase) and Tuj 1 (Neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin) antibodies.

Here's her feedback: "Just letting you know we published our paper using the beta-III-Tubulin and NSE antibodies you supplied to us – Timmons et al., Neuroscience Letters, Oct 1, 2009 [Epub ahead of print]. The antibodies were excellent and I’m sure we’ll be using Neuromics again in the future."

Timmons S, Coakley MF, Moloney AM, O' Neill C. Akt signal transduction dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett. 2009 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print].

Abstract: Significant attention has been drawn to the potential role of defective PI3-kinase-Akt (PKB) signalling in Parkinson's disease (PD) neurodegeneration and to the possibility that activation of Akt may provide neuroprotection in PD. However, little knowledge exists on the integrity of the Akt system in PD. Results of the present study show diminished levels of both total and active phospho(Ser473)-Akt in the brain in PD. This was evident by western blot analysis of midbrain fractions from PD compared to non-PD control brain, but more specifically by immunofluorescence microscopy of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Here, double immunofluorescence microscopy found Akt and phospho(Ser473)-Akt to be expressed at high levels in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunopositive dopaminergic neurons in control human brain. Selective loss of these neurons was accompanied by a marked decrease of Akt and phospho(Ser473)-Akt expression in the PD brain, however Akt and active phospho(Ser473)-Akt are still evident in degenerating dopaminergic neurons in the disease. This suggests that it may be possible to target neuronal Akt in advanced PD. Converse to the marked loss of neuronal Akt in PD, increased Akt and phospho(Ser473)-Akt levels were observed in small non-TH positive cells in PD SNpc, whose increased number and small nuclear size indicate they are glia. These findings implicate defective Akt as a putative signalling pathway linked to loss of dopaminergic neurons in PD.

Other Reagents to Consider:
Tuj 1 (Neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin)-Mouse Monoclonal
Neuron/Glial Marker Antibodies
Neurotrophins-Neuron/Glial Marker Proteins
Neurodegenerative Disease Research Antibodies
Neurodegenerative Disease Research Proteins
Stem Cell Research Reagents

More Success with TRPV1

Dr. Irmgard Tegeder and team have been using our VR1 N-Terminus (TRPV1) as a marker to study how B kinase (IKK) plays a role in sensory neuron excitability and nociception.

The antibody was used for both Western Blot and Immunohistochemistry. Here's a recent publication of their results:

Vanessa Bockhart, Cristina Elena Constantin, Annett Häussler, Nina Wijnvoord, Maike Kanngiesser, Thekla Myrczek, Geethanjali Pickert,Laura Popp, Jürgen-Markus Sobotzik, Manolis Pasparakis, Rohini Kuner, Gerd Geisslinger, Christian Schultz, Michaela Kress, and Irmgard Tegeder. Inhibitor B Kinase β Deficiency in Primary Nociceptive Neurons Increases TRP Channel Sensitivity. The Journal of Neuroscience, October 14, 2009, 29(41):12919-12929; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1496-09.2009

Related Reagents:
All TRPV (Vanilloid); TRPM; TRPA and TRPC Antibodies
Pain and Inflammation Research Antibodies

MMP-9 Squared

We are feverishly working on adding reagents for studying Autoimmunity and Immune Response. In this context, we wanted to alert you to 2 new publications referencing our Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) antibody.

Zhi-Yuan Zhang, Zhiren Zhang, Caroline Zug, Barbara Nuesslein-Hildesheim, David Leppert and Hermann J. Schluesener. AUY954, a selective S1P1 modulator, prevents experimental autoimmune neuritis. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.09.010.

Abstract:
Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system and an animal model of human inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. AUY954, which targets selectively the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1), is known to sequester lymphocytes into secondary lymphoid tissues. In EAN rats, AUY954 greatly prevented paraparesis if administrated from the day of immunization. T cell, B cell, and macrophage infiltration, inflammatory demyelination, and local expression of interleukine-17 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in sciatic nerves of EAN rats were significantly decreased by AUY954 treatment. Therefore, S1P1 modulation might be a potential treatment option for inflammatory neuropathies.

Image: MMP-9 expression in the sciatic nerves of control (A) vs AUY954 (B) treated rats.

Yasuki Yasuda, Yoko Matsumura, Kazuki Kasahara, Noriko Ouji, Shigeki Sugiura, Keiichi Mikasa, and Eiji Kita. Microbial exposure early in life regulates airway inflammation in mice after infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae with enhancement of local resistance. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, Sep 2009; doi:10.1152/ajplung.00193.2009

...with 10% milk in TBST (10mM Tris, 0.15M NaCl, 0.1% Tween-20), followed by probing with goat anti-mouse MMP-9 antibodies (Ab) (Neuromics Antibodies, Edina, MN, GT15020; 1:5000)...

Related Reagents:

CaMKIIs
CD and Cell Surface Markers
ERKs/MAPKs
Heat Shock Proteins-New
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
ILs, CCRs, CXCs and STATs
Wnts/FZDs
Other Immune Response Antibodies

Immune Response Research Proteins

Apoptosis Research Reagents

Rock Solid Tuj-1

The feedback from customers on our Tuj 1 (Neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin) is that it works!

This is confirmed by the growing list of references in key publications. Here's the latest:

S A Sakowski, S B Heavener, J S Lunn, K Fung, S S Oh, S K Spratt, N D Hogikyan and E L Feldman. Neuroprotection using gene therapy to induce vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression. Gene Therapy advance online publication 3 September 2009; doi: 10.1038/gt.2009.111.

...TUJ1 (Neuromics, Edina, MN, USA). ...

Tuj 1 (Neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin)
Related Reagents:
Nestin
Musashi-1
Other Reagents to Consider:
Stem Cell Reagents
Neuron/Glial Markers

Prodynorphin at Work

We would like to Dr. Andrew Todd for sharing this excellent IHC image using our Guinea Pig ProDynorphin (rat) antibody.

Image: Staining of adult rat spinal cord.

The tissue is perfusion-fixed (4% freshly prepared formaldehyde) adult rat spinal cord, reacted overnight with the PPD at 1:1000 and then o/n in Alexa488 secondary (raised in donkey, Invitrogen, 1:500).

The confocal image stack was taken through a 60x oil lens (Bio-Rad Radiance confocal) - pixel size is 0.196 micrometre and this is a projection of 10 confocal optical sections at 0.5 micrometre z-spacing.
Customer Publications
Related Reagents:
proDynorphin (guinea pig)
Opioid Receptors
Pain and Inflammation Antibodies

CAMKIIs and Neurotransmitters.

Here's an update on recent developments. First, we wanted to share a recent publication referencing 2 of our Neurotransmission Research Antibodies:

Haifeng Zhaoa, Qiong Li, Xinrong Pei, Zhaofeng Zhang, Ruiyue Yang, Junbo Wang and Yong Li. Long-term ginsenoside administration prevents memory impairment in aged C57BL/6J mice by up-regulating the synaptic plasticity-related proteins in hippocampus. Behavioural Brain Research Volume 201, Issue 2, 12 August 2009, Pages 311-317. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.03.002. ...anti-phospho-CaMKII (Thr286) and anti- CaMKII (Neuromics, USA)...

Second, we continue to bulk up on reagents for Neurotransmission, Neuromodulation and Synaptic Plasticity Research Reagents. Check out these product categories:

Biogenic Amines
Calcium Signaling
G-Protein Coupled Receptors
Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Transient Receptor Potential Channels
Other Neurotransmitters

Primary Rat, Human and Mouse Neurons and Astrocytes

TRPV1 Antibodies in Action

We would like to thank Dr. Fletcher White, LUMC, for Sharing this data with us:

Images: The CCR2 chemokine receptor colocalized with IB4 and TRPV1, markers of nociceptive neurons, after injury. A) Many lumbar DRG neurons in vehicle-treated rat sensory neurons were positive for IB4, a neuronal phenotype that distinguishes some C-fiber nociceptors (red cells), however there was no expression of the CCR2 protein. B) After perineural gp120/hCD4 treatment, CCR2 protein expression (green cells) was upregulated, and co-localized with IB4. C) Both gp120/hCD4 and ddC treatment resulted in an upregulation of CCR2 expression (green cells) in many small and medium diameter neurons. Again, CCR2 co-localized in a number of IB4 positive cells. D) The TRPV1 channel is present on many nociceptive neurons and is involved in the neuropathic pain mechanism. Under normal conditions, TRPV1 was expressed in neurons (red cells). E) After gp120/hCD4 treatment, CCR2 expression is upregulated (green cells) and colocalized with TRPV1. F) After the combination of gp120/hCD4 and ddC treatments, again CCR2 was upregulated to a similar degree as gp120/hCD4 treatment alone and exhibited some colocalizations with TRPV1.
Scale Bar: 100um.

We would also like to share recent publications referencing our TRPVs:

Hao Sun, De-Pei Li, Shao-Rui Chen, Walter Hittelman, and Hui-Lin PanSensing of Blood Pressure Increase by Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Receptors on BaroreceptorsJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., Sep 2009; doi:10.1124/jpet.109.160473 ......guinea pig anti-TRPV1, dilution 1:1000, Neuromics, Minneapolis, MN) and secondary antibody...guinea pig anti-VR1 C-terminus (TRPV1), dilution 1:1000,Neuromics; and rabbit anti-NF200, dilution 1:100...guinea pig anti-TRPV1, dilution 1:1000, Neuromics) for 2 hr at room temperature and

overnight......Kenjiro Matsumoto, Emi Kurosawa, Hiroyuki Terui, Takuji Hosoya, Kimihito Tashima, Toshihiko Murayama, John V. Priestley, and Syunji HorieLocalization of TRPV1 and contractile effect of capsaicin in mouse large intestine: high abundance and sensitivity in rectum and distal colonAm J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, Aug 2009; 297: G348 - G360. ......TRPV1 antibody (mouse TRPV1 C-terminus; Neuromics, Minneapolis, MN) were 1:60,000 for rectum...different anti-TRPV1 antibodies (1:60,000, Neuromics, and rat TRPV1 COOH-terminus, 1:1,000...experiments, the antibody (1:60,000; Neuromics) was preincubated with 10 uM of the corresponding......

Featured Reagents:
VR1 N-Terminus (TRPV1)
VR1 C-terminus (TRPV1)
VR1 C-Terminus (TRPV1) - mouse specific
Related Reagents
VR1 (TRPV1)-Goat
VR like-3 (TRPV3)
All TRPV (Vanilloid); TRPM; TRPA and TRPCs
Pain and Inflammation Antibodies

Tracking STEMEZ hNP1 Progenitor Cell Fate

We would like to promote an important new discovery using our STEMEZ(TM) hNP1 Human Neural Progenitors Discovery Kit.

Human embryonic stem cell–derived neural progenitors (NP) present an important tool for understanding human development and disease. Optimal utilization of NP cells, however, requires an enhanced ability to monitor these cells in vitro and in vivo. Here we report production of the first genetically modified self-renewing human embryonic stem cell–derived NP cells that express fluorescent proteins under constitutive as well as lineage-specific promoters, enabling tracking and monitoring of cell fate. Nucleofection, transfection, and lentiviral transduction were compared for optimal gene delivery to NP cells. Transduction was most efficient in terms of transgene expression (37%), cell viability (39%), and long-term reporter expression (>3 months). Further, the constitutive gene promoters, cytomegalovirus, elongation factor 1α, and ubiquitin-C, exhibited comparable silencing (20–30%) in NP cells over a 2-month period, suggesting their suitability for long-term reporter expression studies. Transduced NP cells maintained their progenitor state and differentiation potential, as demonstrated by expression of endogenous NP markers and neuronal markers after differentiation. We also detected reporter expression in astrocytes generated from NP cells transduced with an astrocyte-specific gene promoter, glial fibrillary acidic protein, demonstrating the usefulness of this approach. The genetically manipulated NP cells described here offer great potential for live cell–tracking experiments, and a similar approach can as well be used for expression of proteins other than reporters.

Related Publication:
Sujoy K. Dhara, Brian A. Gerwe, Anirban Majumder, Mahesh C. Dodla, Nolan L. Boyd, David W. Machacek, Kowser Hasneen, Steven L. Stice. Genetic Manipulation of Neural Progenitors Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Tissue Engineering Part A. -Not available-, ahead of print. doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0155

Neuromics' Stem Cell Markers Referenced:
Musashi-1, Rabbit, 1:100 , Catalog#:RA14128
Nestin, Mouse 1:500, Catalog#: MO15012
Tuj 1 (Neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin), Mouse, 1:500, Catalog#: MO15013
TH, Chicken, 1:80, Catalog#: CH23006

STEMEZ hNP1 Neural Progenitors Now Available

We are pleased to announce the introduction of our STEMEZ ^TMhNP1 Human Neural Progenitors Discovery Kit. The kit was developed by our partner, ArunA Biomedical.

Description/Data:
STEMEZ^TM hNP1 Human Progenitors are fully differentiated are derived as adherent cells from hESC WA09 line. The cells are shipped frozen in a vial with 1 x 10⁶ cells; once thawed they should be immediately plated on a Matrigel (or other suitable extracellular matrix protein)-coated dish and maintained in the accompanying serum-free medium. The neurons should be used within 14 days of thawing. These cells have the capabilities to:

• Display immunoreactive properties consistent with neural precursors and can be maintained in a proliferative state in monolayer cultures.
• Differentiate under serum-free conditions into neuronal phenotypes with functionally responsive transmitter receptors in vitro .
• Maintain multiple neural phenotypes in long term serum-free culture.
• Can be directed to alter phenotypic characteristics under different media conditions.

Applications: Gene Expression Analysis Western blotting, Flow Cytometry, Immunocytochemistry, FACS sorting, DNA Microarray, RT-PCR, Neurite Outgrowth assays, FLIPR calcium assays, cytotoxicity, and second messenger signaling.

Images: STEMEZ^TM hNP1 Human Neural Progenitor Cells are grown as monolayers (A), are karyotypically normal (B) and express NSC markers, Nestin Mouse and Sox-2 (C, D, E). Nuclei of the cells were visualized with DAPI (blue). The Sox-2 transcription factor is co-localized with the DAPI (blue) staining in the nucleus (F).

STEMEZ hNP1 FAQs

Note: STEMEZTM NP1 Progenitors and hN2 Human Neurons can be genetically manipulated with GFP reporters without altering the function and differentiation potential of these cells. In contrast to many stem cell sources, the reporter genes are not readily silence in the neural cultures. See: doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0155.

DNA fingerprint cells: The loci match the DNA fingerprint pattern for the H9 (NIH designation, WA09) HESC line as published in http://stemcells.nih.gov/research/nihresearch/scunit/.

Viral tests cells: This lot was derived from the H9 hESC line that has been tested for Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV-1, HIV-2, HTLV-I/II, HSV1, HSV2, EBV, and CMV. The H9 cell line has been tested and shown to be negative. (Tests performed by GIVF Laboratories).

Related Reagents:

• STEMEZ(TM) hN2 Human Neurons Discovery Kit


• Neuron/Glial Marker Antibodies


• Neurotrophins and Growth Factor Antibodies


• Fibroblast Growth Factor Proteins


• Neurotrophins-Neuron/Glial Marker Proteins


• Stem Cell Reagents


• Transfection Reagents

Regenerating Axons Can Be Guided And Reform Connections After Spinal Cord Injury

This is an interesting update

Regenerating Axons Can Be Guided And Reform Connections After Spinal Cord Injury

We support this Spinal Cord Injury and Repair with:

• Axon Growth and Guidance Antibodies
• Neurotrophins-Neuron/Glial Marker
• Stem Cell Research Reagents
• STEMEZ (TM) Human Neuron Discovery Kits

Shared via AddThis

Link Between Inflammation and Tau Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease

Providing reagents for Alzheimer's Disease Researchers is a strategic focus area for us. This includes making a variety of Primary Neuronal Cultures available to these researchers.

We evolve the strategy based on Researcher input and how the cultures are being referenced in publications. This reference is especially satisfying because of the vangaurd findings:

Lisette T. Arnaud, Natura Myeku and Maria E. Figueiredo-Pereira. Proteasome–caspase–cathepsin sequence leading to tau pathology induced by prostaglandin J2 in neuronal cells. Journal of Neurochemistry. Volume 110 Issue 1, Pages 328 - 342.

"Our data suggest a potential sequence of events triggered by the neurotoxic product of inflammation PGJ2 leading to tau pathology. The accumulation of Ub proteins is an early response. If cells fail to overcome the toxic effects induced by PGJ2, including accumulation of Ub proteins, apoptosis kicks in triggering caspase activation and tau cleavage, the clearance of which by cathepsins could be compromised culminating in tau pathology. Our studies are the first to provide a mechanistic link between inflammation and tau pathology."

Featured Reagent:
E18 Primary Rat Cortical Neurons

Related Reagents:

STEMEZ(TM) hN2 Human Neurons Discovery Kit

Images: Neural phenotypes derived from hN2 cell lines. (A) Phase contrast image of differentiated culture. (B) Network including post-mitotic motoneurons (HB9). (C) Cholinergic neuron. (D) Tuj-1 positive cells that are DAT-positive (dopamine transporter; closed arrow) and DAT-negative (open arrow). (E) Gabaergic neurons, inset illustrates GABA in axon, but not the dendrites (arrow).

Tau (Tau 46) Mouse Antibody

Tau Chicken Antibody

Apoptosis Research Reagents

We will continue to post "whats new" in AD research and potential uses of our reagents.

survival of efferent synapses on mammalian outer hair cells.

Dr Douglas Vetter (Tufts University School of Medicine) and team recently published a study that amplifies the understanding of the development, function and maintenance of auditory system function.

Their data strongly suggest that hair cell responses induced and/or modulated by Olivocochlear (OC) activation are necessary for the survival of OC innervation and that these responses must involve SK2-mediated hyperpolarization.

It also includes an excellent image of Olivocochlear fibers degeneration in SK2−/− mice. One of the makers used was our Tuj 1 (Neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin).

Vidya Murthy, Stéphane F. Maison, Julián Taranda, Nadeem Haque, Chris T. Bond , A. Belén Elgoyhen, John P. Adelman, M. Charles Liberman, Douglas E. Vetter. SK2 channels are required for function and long-term survival of efferent synapses on mammalian outer hair cells. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 40 (2009) 39–49
...TuJ-1 (class III β-tubulin, Neuromics, Northfield, MN; cat. # MO15013) and processedwith Oregon Green labeled secondary antibodies (Molecular Probes/InVitrogen) for confocal microscopy...

Other Pubs Referencing Neuromics' Tuj 1 (Neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin):
Yoshifumi Saisho, Paul E. Harris, Alexandra E. Butler, Ryan Galasso, Tatyana Gurlo,1 Robert A. Rizza, and Peter C. Butler. Relationship between pancreatic vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and insulin expression in human pancreas. J Mol Histol. 2008 October; 39(5): 543–551. Published online 2008 September 13. doi: 10.1007/s10735-008-9195-9.
Sujoy K. Dhara, Kowser Hasneen, David W. Machacek, Nolan L. Boyd, Raj R. Rao, Steven L. Stice (2008). Human neural progenitor cells derived from embryonic stem cells in feeder-free cultures. Differentiation 76 (5) , 454–464 doi:10.1111/j.1432-0436.2007.00256.x
...NES (1:100, Neuromics, Edina, MN), MSI1 (1:100, Neuromics), Tuj1 (1:500, Neuromics)...
D. Conte, V. Lall, G. Dobson, S. Deuchars, J. Deuchars. Cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurones in the spinal cord of the mouse and rat: small cells with a big purpose? University of Leeds (2008) Proc Physiol Soc 10 PC45
...Preliminary immunohistochemical data supports the concept that the CSFcNs are immature neurones, since they express neuronal markers Tuj1 (Neuromics) ...

ENS Development Markers

This is an excellent study on the developing Enteric Nervous Stem (ENS). This system is often referred to as the "second brain".

Despite this, neurogenesis has been much less studied in the ENS than in the brain. Understanding how neurons are formed in the gut is the foundation for finding cures for ENS disorders. The key finding here is that the ability of 5-HT4 receptors to unmask a regulation of enteric neurogenesis in adult animals suggests that the mature ENS is capable of an unexpected degree of plasticity (potentially good new for discovering therapies for ENS related disorders).

Min-Tsai Liu, Yung-Hui Kuan, Jingwen Wang, René Hen, and Michael D. Gershon. 5-HT4 Receptor-Mediated Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in the Enteric Nervous System of Adult Mice. The Journal of Neuroscience, August 5, 2009, 29(31):9683-9699; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1145-09.2009.

More details @ http://www.anxietyinsights.info/serotonin_the_gut_and_neurogenesis.htm

On a side note, this publication is rich with excellent ICC and Western Blot images of a variety of Neurogenesis Markers. This include referencing of 4 of our markers:

GFAP-CH22102-ICC Dilution 1:2000
Musashi-1-RA14128-ICC Dilution 1:100 WB Dilution 1:1000
Neurofilament NF-H-CH22104-ICC Dilution 1:2000
S100B-RA25022-ICC Dilution 1;1000

Spinal Cord Injury Repair

Neuromics has featured an overview of Dr. Matt Ramer's Research on Spinal Cord Injury and "Finding Fixes for Injured Nerves" on our Neuroscience News Blog.

We wanted to share a recent publication authored by Dr. Mark Tuszynski and his team of researchers at USCD. Here's the good news:

"NT-3 expression in the correct target led to reinnervation of the nucleus gracilis in a dose-related fashion, whereas NT-3 expression in the reticular formation led to mistargeting of regenerating axons. Axons regenerating into the nucleus gracilis formed axodendritic synapses containing rounded vesicles, reflective of pre-injury synaptic architecture. Thus, we report for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the reinnervation of brainstem targets after SCI and an essential role for chemotropic axon guidance in target selection"

Laura Taylor Alto, Leif A Havton, James M Conner, Edmund R Hollis II, Armin Blesch & Mark H Tuszynski. Chemotropic guidance facilitates axonal regeneration and synapse formation after spinal cord injury. Nature Neuroscience. Published online: 2 August 2009 doi:10.1038/nn.2365.

Featured Neuromics Reagent
NT-3
Related Reagents:
Neurotrophins and Growth Factor Antibodies
Neuron/Glial Marker Antibodies
Neurotrophins-Neuron/Glial Marker Proteins
Stem Cell Reagents

Here's to finding the cure!

FGF Basic and Cell Proliferation in Endothelial Cells

We are pleased with the growth of our Fibroblast Growth Factor Proteins.

Here's a recent publications referencing use of our FGF basic in Endothelial Cell Cultures.

Harun Elmasri, Cagatay Karaaslan, Yaroslav Teper, Elisa Ghelfi, MeiQian Weng, Tan A. Ince, Harry Kozakewich, Joyce Bischoff, and Sule Cataltepe. Fatty acid binding protein 4 is a target of VEGF and a regulator of cell proliferation in endothelial cells. FASEB J, Jul 2009; doi:10.1096/fj.09-134882

...VEGF-A 165 (VEGF) and human basic FGF (bFGF) were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA) and Neuromics (Edina, MN, USA), respectively...

Featured Reagent
FGF basic (146 aa)

Related Reagents:
Proteins
FGF basic (146 aa), carrier-free
FGF basic (157 aa)
FGF basic (157 aa), carrier-free
Fibroblast Growth Factors
Antibodies:
FGF2
All Stem Cell Reagents

TRPA1 in Craniofacial Muscle Pain

Dr. Jin Ro and his team reference use of TRP antibodies in their recent study of craniofacial muscle nociception and mechanical hyperalgesia:

Jin Y. Ro, Jong-Seok Lee and Youping Zhang. Activation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 leads to muscle nociception and mechanical hyperalgesia. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.04.021.

... TRPA1 (1:1500; rat polyclonal, Neuromics)...

Featured Reagents
TRPA1-Cat#: RA14135
Related Reagents:
TRPA1 for WB
VR1 N-Terminus (TRPV1)
VR1 C-terminus (TRPV1)
VR1 C-Terminus (TRPV1) - mouse specific
VR1 (TRPV1)-Goat
VR like-3 (TRPV3)
All TRPV (Vanilloid); TRPM; TRPA and TRPCs
Pain and Inflammation Antibodies

STEMEZ hN2 Human Neurons-Data

Neuromics rolled out STEMEZ^TM hN2 Human Neurons Discovery Kits several months ago.

Applications for these include: cellular model studies, high content screening, developmental studies, RNAi studies and genetic manipulation.

Drilling down further, I am pleased to present Electro-physiology and related data generated by Aruna and collaborators: hN2 Cells-Electro Phys Data Supplement

hN2-Whole Cell Voltage Clamp
Figure. hN2 cells can produce inward currents that generate action potentials. (A) Isolated hN2 with significant neurite growth 1 week after plating . This cell was subjected to whole cell voltage clamp utilizing a potassium gluconate based intracellular solution. (B) Voltage gated inward and outward currents were elicited from this cell with depolarizing voltage steps. (C) Inward currents from another cell (potassium gluconate intracellular) were abolished by local application of 1 µM tetrodotoxin (red trace) while outward currents remained. Inward current recovered as TTX washed out of the region (green trace). (D) A different cell which exhibited voltage activated inward currents that inactivated in response to a 50 ms prepulse at different membrane potentials. The experiment was done 27 days after the removal of bFGF. A cesium gluconate based intracellular solution was used for this experiment to block outward potassium currents. The membrane potential for half maximal inactivation by standard Boltzman fitting (red line) was -40.1 mV with a slope of 4.7. (E) Recovery from fast inactivation utilizing a paired pulse protocol in the same cell as C. The single exponential time constant for recovery of inactivation was 1.7 ms (red line). (F) A different cell which elicited an overshooting action potential upon current injection under whole cell current clamp utilizing a potassium gluconate based intracellular solution. Inset: Response of the same cell under voltage clamp to a change in membrane potential from -80 mV to -10 mV elicited a peak current of 457 pA. Scale bars for inset: 5 ms, 0.2 nA.

Stem Cell Markers

Yet more confirmations of the potency of our Stem Cell Markers.

In this study the authors demonstrate a between SSCs and RET.

ETV5 is expressed beginning in fetal Sertoli cells and can potentially have effects on both neonatal Sertoli and germ cells. In addition, ETV5 has critical effects on neonatal spermatogonial proliferation, which may involve impaired signaling through the RET receptor.

Gaurav Tyagi, Kay Carnes, Carla Morrow, Natalia V. Kostereva, Gail C. Ekman, Daryl D. Meling,
Chris Hostetler, Michael Griswold, Kenneth M. Murphy, Rex A. Hess, Marie-Claude Hofmann and Paul S. Cooke. Loss of Etv5 Decreases Proliferation and RET Levels in neonatal Mouse Testicular Germ Cells and Causes an Abnormal First Wave of Spermatogenesis. DOI:10.1095/biolreprod.108.075200

Images: Ret IHC in WT and Etv5-/- testes (n=4). The intensity of RET staining per spermatogonia is markedly reduced in Etv5-/- testis (B) even though the number of cells staining for RET are comparable to the WT (A) testis. Insets are higher magnification of spermatogonia showing differences in staining intensity. Bars = 50 μm in A and B, insets = 10 μm.

Patent:Neuronal progenitors from feeder-free human embryonic stem cell culture.
Inventor: Stice, et al.
Date Issued: May 12, 2009
Application: 11/243,819
Inventors:
Stice; Steve (Athens, GA)Shin; Soojung (Baltimore, MD)Dhara; Sujoy (Athens, GA)
Assignee:
University of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. (Athens, GA)Include use of Nestin antibody

Stem Cell Antibodies
Stem Cell Research Proteins
Neural Stem Cells and Media
Neuroprogenitor Neurosphere Tissue-NEW!
Neuroprogenitor Neurosphere tissue is provided live, unseparated, fresh from E18 rat cortex/hippocampus including subventricular zone.
Expansion/Differentiation Kits
FACS/Phenotyping
Related Reagents:
Neurotrophin and Growth Factor Antibodies
Neurotrophin Proteins

JoVE: Generation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Neural Tissue (Video Protocol)

JoVE: Generation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Neural Tissue (Video Protocol)

Shared via AddThis

stem cells | Science Blog

stem cells | Science Blog

Posted using ShareThis

Hes-1 and Develpmental Neurobiology

Developmental Neurobiology is a core area of focus for Neuromics. Our goal is to provide a growing catalog of research proven reagents to Researchers. Their work is key to unlocking root causes of developmental related diseases and defects.

We continue to see use of our reagents in publications by leading labs. Here's a new publication by Dr. Paul Trainor and his team at Stower's Institute referencing use of our HES-1 antibody:

Angelo Iulianella, Madhulika Sharma, Greg B. Vanden Heuvel, and Paul A. Trainor. Cux2 functions downstream of Notch signaling to regulate dorsal interneuron formation in the spinal cord. Development 136, 2329-2334 (2009). doi: 10.1242/10.1242/dev.032128.

...anti-Hes1 (Neuromics, Edina, MN, USA)...

Related Reagents:

• Notch1
• Notch3
• Jagged1
• All Neuron-Glial Markers
• Neurotrophins and Growth Factors
• Diabetes Antibodies
• Cancer Antibodies
• Neural Stem Cell Reagents
• Cancer Proteins
• Neurotrophins-Neuron/Glial Marker Proteins

Potent Stem Cell Markers

The potency of our Stem Cell Research Reagents is confirmed by the growng list of publication referencing them.

Here're the latest:

Saishu Yoshida, Takako Kato, Takao Susa, Li-yi Cai, Michie Nakayama, Yukio Kato. PROP1 coexists with SOX2 and induces PIT1-commitment cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Volume 385, Issue 1, 17 July 2009, Pages 11-15
... SOX2 (1:500 dilution, Neuromics, Edina, MN, USA)...

Saravanan Karumbayaram, Bennett G. Novitchb, Michaela Patterson, Joy A. Umbach, Laura Richter, Anne Lindgren, Anne E. Conway, Amander T. Clark, Steve A. Goldman, Kathrin Plath, Martina Wiedau-pazos, Harley I. Kornblum, William E. Lowry. Directed Differentiation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Generates Active Motor Neurons. Stem Cells Vol. 27 No. 4 April 2009, pp. 806 -811. doi:10.1002.
... mouse anti-Nestin (Neuromics)...

Patrizia Rubini, Javorina Milosevic, Johannes Engelhardt, Mahmoud Al-Khrasani, Heike Franke, Attilla Heinrich, Beata Sperlagh, Sigrid C. Schwarz, Johannes Schwarz, Wolfgang Nörenberg and Peter Illes. Increase of intracellular Ca2+ by adenine and uracil nucleotides in human midbrain-derived neuronal progenitor cells. Cell Calcium. Volume 45, Issue 5, May 2009, Pages 485-498.
...rabbit anti-P2Y2 (1:1000; Neuromics, Edina, MN, USA...

Detecting Apoptosis in Real Time

Kudos to Drs. Aaron Thomas and Carol Erickson for their novel use of our Magic Red™ Real Time! Apptosis Kits. Here's the related publication:

Aaron J. Thomas and Carol A. Erickson. FOXD3 regulates the lineage switch between neural crest-derived glial cells and pigment cells by repressing MITF through a non-canonical mechanism. Development, Apr 2009; doi:10.1242/dev.031989.
...Apoptosis was assayed using Magic Red Caspases 3&7 reagent (Neuromics)...

Related Reagents:
FLIVO™ Polycaspase Live!, in vivo Apoptosis Kits-New
FLICA™ in vitro Caspase Kits
Fast!-Use Caspase kits to quantitate apoptosis via active caspases in whole, living cells. These kits do not use ELISA or any antibodies for detection
FLISP™ Serine Protease Detection Kits
Measure chymotrypsin-like proteaseactivation in whole living cells.
MitoPT™ Kits
Quantitate mitochondrial functionality and apoptosis
Apoptosis Research Antibodies
Apoptosis Research Proteins

RAGE and Pneumonia

We are working with customers and collaborators to strengthen our product offerings for Immune Response Researchers.

An interesting finding on Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) and response to S. pneumoniae pneumonia infection just crossed our radar. Dr. Marieke A. D. van Zoelen and team published evidence that RAGE plays a detrimental role in the host response to S. pneumoniae pneumonia by facilitating the bacterial growth and dissemination and concurrently enhancing the pulmonary inflammatory and procoagulant response. Data include use of our RAGE-Cat#: GT15030.

Here's the publication and related data:

Marieke A. D. van Zoelen, Marcel Schouten, Alex F. de Vos, Sandrine Florquin, Joost C. M. Meijers, Peter P. Nawroth, Angelika Bierhaus, and Tom van der Poll. The Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Impairs Host Defense in Pneumococcal Pneumonia. J. Immunol., Apr 2009; 182: 4349 - 4356.

...Endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched using 1.5% H2O2 in PBS. Primary Abs used were goat anti-mouse RAGE polyclonal Abs (Neuromics), and secondary Abs were biotinylated rabbit anti-goat Abs (DakoCytomation). ABC solution (DakoCytomation) was used as the...

Images: Expression of RAGE in lungs during S. pneumoniae pneumonia. Representative view of a lung from a normal, uninfected Wt mouse (A) displaying ubiquitous expression of RAGE on the surface of endothelium. B, Absence of RAGE positivity in the lung of a RAGE–/– mouse. C and D, Lungs from a Wt mouse 48 h after the inoculation of S. pneumoniae. Arrow indicates bronchial epithelium in healthy lungs (A); asterisk indicates neutrophils in an area with confluent pneumonia (D), both being negative for RAGE staining. RAGE staining: original magnification x10.

Realted Reagents:
RAGE Mouse Mononclonal
Immune Response Antibodies

Immune Response Proteins

Introducing Human Neuron Kits

hN2 Human Neurons Discovery Kit-New

Energize you Research!
Neuromics has formed an alliance with Aruna Biomedical. This Alliance gives us the capabilities to bring you the reliable, robust and highly scalable hN2TMHuman Neurons Discovery Kits.
These kits are designed to reduce basic Neuroscience Research and Drug Discovery timelines. Potential applications include: cellular model studies, high content screening, developmental studies, RNAi studies and genetic manipulation.
Approximate Yield=1,000,000 healthy Neurons.

hN2 Human Neurons Discovery Kit Details

Amyloid Beta and E18 Primary Hippocampal Neurons

We would like to feature an interesting application of our E18 Rat Primary Hippocampal Neurons.

Related Publication:

Karunya K. Kandimalla1, Olenych G. Scott, Smita Fulzele1, Michael W. Davidson, Joseph F. Poduslo. Mechanism of Neuronal versus Endothelial Cell Uptake of Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid β Protein. PLoS ONE 4(2): e4627. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004627.

... Rat primary hippocampal (RPH) neurons were isolated from the hippocampii of 18-day-old embryonic Sprague Dawley rat brains (Neuromics, Edina, MN). The hippocampii were dispersed using a fire polished Pasteur pipette and plated on poly-D-lysine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) coated glass cover slips in B-27 neurobasal medium containing 0.5 mM glutamine and 25 µM glutamate (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). The neuronal cells were grown under 5% CO2 in an incubator maintained at 37°C until differentiation...

Images: A–D: Uptake of fluorescein labeled Aβ40 (F-Aβ40) and Alexa Fluor® 633 labeled transferrin (AF633-Trf), clathrin-mediated endocytosis marker, in rat primary hippocampal (RPH) neurons following 30 min incubation at 37°C. (A) F-Aβ40 uptake; (B) Uptake of AF633-Trf; (C) Superimposition of images A and B; (D) Overlay of fluorescence images on the DIC image of RPH neurons. E–G: Uptake of F-Aβ40 and AF633-Trf in RPH neurons at 4°C. (E) Uptake of F-Aβ40; (F) No significant neuronal uptake of AF633-Trf at 4°C; (G) Superimposition of images D and E on the DIC image of RPH neurons; H–J: Uptake of F-Aβ40 and AF633-Trf in RPH neurons treated with 10 mM Sodium Azide and 50 mM 2-deoxy glucose, agents that are known to deplete cellular ATP. (H) Uptake of F-Aβ40; (I) No significant cellular uptake of AF633-Trf was observed; (J) Superimposition of images H and I on the DIC image of neurons.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004627.g010

TRPV1 with a Twist

Kudos to Dr. Marna Erickson and her team at the University of Minnesota. They recently published excellent work demonstrating a relationship between TRPV1 -EGFR signaling and skin cancer.

Ann M. Bode, Yong-Yeon Cho, Duo Zheng, Feng Zhu, Marna E. Ericson, Wei-Ya Ma, Ke Yao, and Zigang Dong. Transient Receptor Potential Type Vanilloid 1 Suppresses Skin Carcinogenesis.Cancer Res., Feb 2009; 69: 905 - 913.

"TRPV1 interacts with EGFR, leading to EGFR degradation. Notably, the absence of TRPV1 in mice results in a striking increase in skin carcinogenesis. The TRPV1 is the first membrane receptor shown to have a tumor-suppressing effect associated with the down-regulation of another membrane receptor."

...dorsal skin samples (100 mum) were processed and immunostained. For the human skin cancer tissue array, we used anti- TRPV1 -(Neuromics), anti-EGFR (Cell Signaling), and Alexa Fluor 488 and 647-conjugated secondary antibodies. Mouse skin samples were immunostained...

TRPV1 and Retinal Ganglion Cell Apoptosis

The publications referencing our TRPV (Vanilloid); TRPM; TRPA and TRPC Antibodies keep on coming.

In this February 2009 publication, Dr. David Calkins and his team at Vanderbilt demontrate that Retinal Ganglian Cells express the TRPV1 channel and that TRPV1 activation contributes to their death with exposure to hydrostatic pressure . We also demonstrated that activation of TRPV1 alone was sufficient to induce apoptosis of RGCs.

Rebecca M. Sappington, Tatiana Sidorova, Daniel J. Long, and David J. Calkins. TRPV1: Contribution to Retinal Ganglion Cell Apoptosis and Increased Intracellular Ca2+ with Exposure to Hydrostatic Pressure. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., Feb 2009; 50: 717 - 728.
...we used rabbit anti-mouse TRPV1 IgG (1:500; catalog number RA14113; Neuromics, Edina, MN) against the absolute C terminus of mouse TRPV1 (EDAEVFKDSMAPGEK)...

TRPV1 localization in RGCs of rat retina. (A) Immunocytochemical labeling for TRPV1 shows strong localization in the outer retina and in RGCs (large cell bodies); there is little or no label in smaller displaced amacrine cells of the GCL. Clear examples of amoeboid-shaped cell bodies of microglia cells are indicated (ovals). Right: Control section preabsorbed using the TRPV1 blocking peptide (+BP). (B) Confocal image stack through GCL and NFL showing labeling for TRPV1 in wholemount preparation counterlabeled with antibodies against heavy-chain neurofilaments that recognize broad-field RGCs (SMI32). Image shows punctate localization to dendrites (arrows) as well as intense label to cell bodies (brackets); smaller cell bodies with TRPV1 label are in the background. (C) Confocal image stack through GCL and NFL of peripheral retina shows TRPV1 in RGC cell bodies (bracket) and in small bundles of RGC axons (arrows). (D) Confocal stack from central retina shows TRPV1 in RGC cell bodies (bracket) and in axon bundles in the NFL as they course toward the optic nerve head. Amoeboid-shaped cell bodies of microglia are apparent (ovals). (E) Confocal image in single plane at GCL/NFL border shows Iba-1–labeled microglia processes colocalizing with TRPV1, as we previously demonstrated.51 TRPV1-label RGC cell bodies (brackets) and axons (arrows) are indicated for reference. (F) Immunocytochemical labeling demonstrates strong perinuclear and dendritic localization of TRPV1 in cultured RGCs counterstained with the nuclear label DAPI. Localization to dendritic processes and neurites (dashed circles) includes node-like clusters; right: these regions are shown at higher magnification. (G, top) Western blot against TRPV1 in brain and whole retina from adult rat shows band at expected molecular weight (arrowheads; 100–113 kDa). Retina demonstrates an additional band with a slightly lower molecular weight that probably corresponds to a different glycosylation state for this antibody.79 Bottom: Control Western blot with preabsorption of TRPV1 antibody using the blocking peptide prevents detection of both bands. ONL, outer nuclear layer; OPL, outer plexiform layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; GCL, ganglion cell layer; NFL, nerve fiber layer.

Neurotrophin Expression in Airway Smooth Muscle Cells

Dr. Y.K. Prakash and his team at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine have published a study of Neurotrophin Signaling in Airway Smooth Muscle (ASM) cells. Here they demonstrate that BDNF/TrkB signaling (but not BDNF/p75NTR) in human ASM cells regulates [Ca2+]i responses to agonist in both normal ASM, as well as with inflammation induced by TNFα. These effects suggest an important role of NT signaling in inflammation-induced changes in ASM contractility.

Y.S. Prakash, Michael A Thompson, and Christina M Pabelick. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor in TNF Modulation of Ca2+ in Human Airway Smooth Muscle. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., Feb 2009; doi:10.1165/rcmb.2008-0151OC.
... goat polyclonal anti-TrkB-Cat#: GT15080 (Neuromics, Minneapolis, MN; 1:1000 dilution)...

Featured Reagents
TrkB-Cat#: GT15080
TrkB-Cat#: MO15042
Related Reagents:
TrkB-Cat#: MO15025
TrkA for FC
TrkA-Cat#:MO15018
TrkA Cat#: MO15034
TrkA Cat#: GT15153
TrkC-Cat#:MO15000
All Neurotrophins and Growth Factor Antibodies
All Neurotrophins-Neuron/Glial Marker Antibodies

Substance-P Pub

We re-introduced our Substance P Whole Serum Guinea Pig and Substance P Purified-Guinea Pig Antibodies in 2008.

The feedback has been positive. Related to this, here's a recent reference:

Maureen S. Riedl, Stephen A. Schnell, Aaron C. Overland, Anne-Julie Chabot-Doré, Anna M. Taylor, Alfredo Ribeiro-Da-Silva, Robert P. Elde, George L. Wilcox, Laura S. Stone.
Coexpression of 2A-adrenergic and -opioid receptors in substance P-containing terminals in rat dorsal horn. The Journal of Comparative Neurology Volume 513 Issue 4, Pages 385 - 398 Published Online: 29 Jan 2009 Copyright © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company.

...guinea pig anti-SP (1:500; Neuromics Antibodies)...

Related Reagents:

Substance P-Rabbit
Substance P-Mouse
Neurokinin-1 (NK 1) (RA25001)
Neurokinin-1 (NK 1) Human (RA25003)
Neurokinin-3 (NK 3) (RA25001)
proNeurokinin B (proNKB or P2)
All Neuropeptides

Image: Immuofluorescent detection of Substance P in rat spinal cord dorsal horn (red fluorescence). DAPI (blue) was used as counter stain.

Opioid Receptor Antibodies that Rock

We have Opioid Receptor Antibodies that work hard for our customers.

They are extensively referenced. We feature select publications and are pleased to feature the latest referencing staining of mouse neurons using our Kappa Opioid Receptor.

...Dominika Labuz, Yvonne Schmidt, Anja Schreiter, Heike L. Rittner, Shaaban A. Mousa and Halina Machelska. Immune cell–derived opioids protect against neuropathic pain in mice. J. Clin. Invest. doi:10.1172/JCI36246. Copyright © 2009, The American Society for Clinical Investigation...
...κ-opioid receptor (1:800, Neuromics)...

All Opioid Receptor Publications-Mu, Kappa and Delta

Published Reagents:
Mu Opioid Receptor-Rabbit
Mu Opioid Receptor-Guinea Pig
Delta Opioid Receptor 358-372
Kappa Opioid Receptor

Related Reagents:
Opioid Receptors
All Pain and Inflammation

24-OHC-27-OHC and Alzheimer's

Dr. Othman Ghribi and his team at University of North Dakota have just published interesting results regarding the relationship between 24-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC).

27-OHC increased levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) as well as beta-secretase (BACE1)
the enzyme that cleaves APP to yield Abeta, a molecule that causes alzheimer's.

24-OHC are associated with increased levels of sAPPalpha, suggesting that 24-OHC favors the processing of APP to the non-amyloidogenic pathway.

Futher study of this relationship between 27 and 24-OHC could yield possible targets for decreasing the cleavage of alzheimer's causing proteins and result in more step towards the Azheimer's therapies.

Here's the publication.

Prasanthi JRP, Huls A, Thomasson S, Thompson A, Schommer E, Ghribi O. Differential effects of 24-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol on beta-amyloid precursor protein levels and processing in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Molecular Neurodegeneration 2009, 4:1 (6 January 2009).

Image:
Treatment with 24-OHC, but not with 27-OHC, increased ABCA1 and ABCG1 levels. Representative Western blots

December 2008 Featured Pubs

Intrathecal Delivery of siRNA

Another publication referencing successful delivery of siRNA using i-Fect

Suneeta Tumati, Tally Largent Milnes, Henry I. Yamamura, Todd W. Vanderah, William R. Roeske and Eva V. Varga. Intrathecal Raf-1-selective siRNA attenuates sustained morphine-mediated thermal hyperalgesia. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.10.033

...siRNAs stock solutions (100 ?M) were prepared in double distilled RNAse free water and stored in aliquots at ?80 °C. For intrathecal treatment, aliquots of the stock solution (2 ?g of the appropriate siRNA) were mixed (1:5 v/v)with i-Fect transfection reagent (Neuromics, Edina, MN). After recovery from the surgery (5-7 days), the animals received intrathecal injections (2 ug! siRNA/1 0 ul/rat) of either a lipid encapsulated Raf-1-selective siRNA mixture (Smart pool siRNA, Dharmacon Inc; Chicago, IL, Cat # L-087699-00) (Raf-1 siRNA groups) or i-Fect encapsulated non-targeting dsRNA (Dharmacon, #D-001810-01-20) (control mismatch siRNA groups) or the transfection lipid alone, once daily, for 3 days, as described earlier (Gardell et al., 2002). Intrathecal injections of the siRNAs or the transfection agent alone did not cause any sign of behavioral toxicity. Western blots, using a Raf-1-selective antibody, indicated that intrathecal treatment with the Raf-1-selective siRNA mixture for 3 days significantly reduced Raf-1 protein levels in the dorsal root ganglion and in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord..

Lasani S. Wijetunge, Sally M. Till, Thomas H. Gillingwater, Cali A. Ingham, and Peter C. Kind. mGluR5 Regulates Glutamate-Dependent Development of the Mouse Somatosensory Cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, December 3, 2008, 28(49):13028-13037; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2600-08.2008.
...Western blotting was performed as mentioned above and membranes were probed with antibodies against mGluR5 (1:4000, Neuromics)...