TRP Antibodies

Some of the Best Available
Our TRP Channel Antibodies are widely used and frequently published.

Here's some data from researchers using on of our TRPV1 Antibodies.

Immunohistochemical expression of serum response factor in rat dorsal root ganglia. Dorsal root ganglia dissected from male Sprague-Dawley rat and imaged by confocal microscopy for (A) TRPV1 (blue), (B) AKAP (AKAP150, green), and (C) SRF (red), with colocalization represented in panel (D). White arrows indicate cells expressing all 3 proteins. Yellow line represents 50 μM in length; images are representative of 4 individual sections taken from 6 L4 to L6 DRG. (E) Venn diagram of coexpression between SRF (red circle), AKAP (AKAP150, green circle), and TRPV1 (blue circle). (F) Percentages of SRF coexpression with AKAP (AKAP150) or TRPV1 calculated from 8 randomly selected coverslips. DRG, dorsal root ganglia; SRF, serum response factor. Source Serum response factor mediates nociceptor inflammatory pain plasticity PAIN Reports3(3):e658, May/June 2018.

We offer 100% refund or free replacements should you not be delighted with your results.

Put our Antibodies to Work for You!

Tested and Characterized for Results You Can Trust
When you select a vendor for antibodies, there is a measure of trust. We know you are asking, "will it work in the applications as advertised".

Since the inception of Neuromics, our guiding principle is providing well-characterized solutions for results you can trust and understand. In order to provide as much comfort in the purchase of our solutions, we encourage access to publications, data, and testimonials.

Here're some recent testimonials:

• Good antibody! Product Name: Tuj 1, Chicken – (Cat# CH23005) Good for neuronal staining. Bright and specific.Liang Shi - May 03, 2018 - Rating: 5.0 
• Neuromics has a conjugated antibody for oligodendrocytes that is unavailable anywhere else and works really well. Very pleased with the product and have already ordered it a few times. Edit: This antibody is available from Miltenyi now. They both behave comparably. Matthew Smith - Apr 24, 2018 - Rating: 5.0 
• I bought the secondary antibodies (488-Goat anti mouse IgG and 546-goat anti rabbit IgG) from Neuromics and used them for IF assay. Both antibodies worked well. I highly recommend them.Bonnie Dai - Apr 21, 2018 - Rating: 5.0 

Expression of TH (green) and TRPV1 (blue) relatively to CGRP-cre+ neurons (red) in DRG from CGRPcre-ER/+;Rosa26LSL-tDTomato/+ mice. Some TRPV1+ DRG neurons are not expressed in CGRP-cre+ sensory neurons. These CGRP-cre-/TRPV1+ neurons are marked with yellow arrows (a and a1). b. Expression of calbindin-28K (Calb; green) relatively to CGRP-cre+ DRG neurons (red). Yellow arrows mark CGRP-cre-/Calb+ neurons (b and b1). c. Expression of trkB (green) relatively to CGRP-cre+ DRG neurons (red). Yellow arrows mark CGRP-cre-/trkB+ neurons; and a blue arrow shows a rare example of the CGRP-cre+/trkB+ neuron (c and c1). d. Expression of trkC (green) relatively to CGRP-cre+ DRG neurons (red). Yellow arrows mark CGRP-cre-/trkC+ neurons; and; and a blue arrow shows an example of the CGRP-cre+/trkC+ neuron (d and d1). White horizontal bar shows 20μm scale for each panel.

We offer an easy, "no question asked" replacement or refund policy. Give us a try. You will be satisfied.

Pain and Inflammation Markers

Our TRPV1 Markers Rock
As sales of our Cell Based Assay Solutions continue to explode. We don't want you to forget that our roots firmly remain in products for Inflammation and Pain Researchers.

To verify this, you only need to check out the many publications referencing use of our TRPV1 Markers.

Image: Immunoreactivity for CXCL12 was detected in the macrophages (F4/80)

TRPV1 Channels and Neuropathic Pain

Neuromics' TRPV1 Stain Neurons and Microglia for Study

TRPV1 is mainly functional in the microglia. Its activation, beyond controlling microglia reaction per se, modulated microglia-neuron communication, by promoting release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from microglia. Indeed, EVs are important mediators of intercellular communication between microglia and brain cells: Maria Cristina Marrone, Annunziato Morabito, Michela Giustizieri, Valerio Chiurchiù, Alessandro Leuti, Marzia Mattioli, Sara Marinelli, Loredana Riganti, Marta Lombardi, Emanuele Murana, Antonio Totaro, Daniele Piomelli, Davide Ragozzino, Sergio Oddi, Mauro Maccarrone, Claudia Verderio & Silvia Marinelli. TRPV1 channels are critical brain inflammation detectors and neuropathic pain biomarkers in mice. Nature Communications 8, Article number: 15292 (2017) doi:10.1038/ncomms15292.

(a–f) Sections of cortical tissue from WT and TRPV1−/− mice, fixed after exposure to ACSF (a,d), ACSF plus vehicle (DMSO; b,e) and ACSF plus 1μM capsaicin (c,f) and immune-processed for iba-1 to stain microglia cells (in red). INSETs are zoom images taken from an area delimited by the yellow square for each condition. (g), Bar graph of percentage of cortical microglia cell phenotype (resting, ameboid, bushy and hypertrophied), in control (grey bars), vehicle- (dark grey bars) and capsaicin- treated (red bars) cortical sections from WT mice. Capsaicin treatment causes a significant shift from ramified and bushy to hypertrophied morphology. (h), Same as in ‘g’ but in cortical sections from TRPV1−/− mice. In these tissues capsaicin fails to induce morphological changes of microglia cells. Note that microglia cells in −/− tissues are already hypertrophied in control conditions (d–f,h).

Our Pain and Inflammation Research Antibodies Continue to be widely used and frequently published.

TRPV1 Antibodies

Designed for Your Success.
The roots of our TRPV1 Antibodies run deep. They have been key to our ongoing success. We have been providing them to Researchers since the inception of Neuromics (12 years ago).

We measure our success one Researcher at a time. Positive feedback includes references in many publications. There are indeed "Tested; Characterized and Research Ready"

Here's a pub hot off the presses: Noémi Bohonyi, Krisztina Pohóczky, Bálint Szalontai, Anikó Perkecz, Krisztina Kovács, Béla Kajtár, Lajos Orbán, Tamás Varga, Sarolta Szegedi, József Bódis, Zsuzsanna Helyes, Miklós Koppán. Local upregulation of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 ion channels in rectosigmoid deep infiltrating endometriosis. Molecular Pain. First published date: May-07-2017. 10.1177/1744806917705564.

Figure: Immunohistochemical staining of TRPV1 receptor in healthy eutopic endometrium and in rectosigmoid DIE nodules. (a) Negative control using tris-buffered saline instead of the primary antibody in normal endometrial tissue. (b) Rectal myenteric ganglia, serving as positive control for TRPA1 expression. (c) Healthy eutopic endometrial tissue. (d) Rectosigmoid DIE nodule. (e) Rectosigmoid DIE nodule, glandular component. (f) Rectosigmoid DIE nodule, stromal component. (d) and (f) Sections shown on panels were taken from the same DIE patient who experienced severe, endometriosis associated pain. Background staining was performed with hematoxylin and eosin to reveal the tissue structure. Black arrow heads denote TRPV1 receptor labelling. Magnification is X400, except panel (d) where it is X100. Scale bars: 50 µm, except panel (d) where it is 200 µm.

We frequently post unique data generated by use of our antibodies.

Canniboids and Pain Relief

Could The CB1-TRPV1 Crosstalk be a Target
Our pain marker-TRPV1-was recently referenced in an interesting study. Here researchers suggest that spatial distribution of the CB1 receptor and TRPV1 contributes to the complexity of their functional interaction.

They conclude: "Therefore, in order to utilise the analgesic potential of endogenous anandamide fully in PSN, ways to interfere with the mechanisms, through which the CB1 receptor promotes anandamide-responsiveness and sensitisation of TRPV1, must be identified. Due to the co-expression of TRPV1 and the CB1 receptor in various areas of the brain, the CB1 receptor – TRPV1 crosstalk we characterised in the present study could also have relevance in brain signal processing."


Chen J, Varga A, Selvarajah S, Jenes A, Dienes B, Sousa-Valente J, Kulik A, Veress G, Brain SD, Baker D, Urban L, Mackie K, Nagy I. Spatial Distribution of the Cannabinoid Type 1 and Capsaicin Receptors May Contribute to the Complexity of Their Crosstalk. Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 22;6:33307. doi: 10.1038/srep33307.

The SDS-FRL method reveals two major types of CB1 receptor and TRPV1 spatial distribution in DRG neurons. (A,B) Double immunogold labelling for TRPV1 (12 nm particles; arrows) and the CB1 receptor (5 nm; arrowheads) reveals that the immunoreactivity for both proteins is moderate (A) to strong (B) on the protoplasmic face (P-face) but not on the exoplasmic face (E-face) of plasma membrane of PSN. In some patches of putative somatic membrane of PSN, the great majority of immunoparticles for TRPV1 and CB1 are isolated from each other (A), whereas on other patches of the membrane immunoparticles for TRPV1 and CB1 form co-clusters (arrow + arrowhead in B). Note the occasional co-clustering of particles labelling TRPV1 (double arrows in B). Scale bars = 0.2 μm

Methods: Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-digested freeze-fracture replica immunolabeling Immunohisto-chemical labeling for electron microscopy was performed. Briefly, adult (150–200 g) male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 4) were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, i.p.), and perfused transcardially with 25 mM PBS, followed by 2% paraformaldehyde and 15% saturated picric acid in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB). Sections from DRGs were cut at a thickness of 110 μm. The slices were cryoprotected in a solution containing 30% glycerol in 0.1 M PB and then frozen by a high-pressure freezing machine (HPM 100; Leica, Austria). Frozen samples were inserted into a double replica table and fractured into two pieces at −130 °C and replicated by carbon deposition (5 nm thick), platinum (2 nm), and carbon (15 nm) in a freeze-fracture replica machine (BAF 060; BAL-TEC, Lichtenstein). They were digested in a solution containing 2.5% SDS and 20% sucrose in 15 mM Tris-HCl at 80 °C for 18 h then at 60 °C for 18 h. The replicas were washed in 25 mM PBS containing 0.05% bovine serum albumin (BSA; Roth, Germany) and then incubated in a blocking solution containing 5% BSA for 1 h. Subsequently, replicas were incubated in a mixture of primary antibodies (TRPV1 raised in guinea pig against the 22 amino acids of the C terminus (YTGSLKPEDAEVFKDSMVPGEK; Neuromics, USA), the dilution was 1:1000 and CB1 receptor (Prof. K. Mackie, raised in goat; Veress et al. 2014), dilution was 1:4000) in 50 mM Tris-buffered saline (TBS) containing 1% BSA. After several washes, replicas were reacted with a mixture of gold-coupled donkey anti-guinea pig (for TRPV1; 12 nm) and rabbit anti-goat (for CB1, 5 nm) secondary antibodies (1:30; BioCell Research Laboratories, Cardiff, UK) in 25 mM TBS containing 5% BSA. The anti-TRPV1 antibody from Neuromics provided better staining in the replicas than then the anti-TRPV1 antibody from Chemicon, which we tried in a pilot study. They were then washed and picked up on 100-mesh grids. The specificity of the antibodies was tested on tissues dissected from TRPV1 and CB1 knock out mice.

We will keep you posted as we discover new research on targeting CB1 for pain. That said, could this crosstalk be central to medical marijuana and its ability to ameliorate certain forms of pain?

Converting Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Nociceptors

Methods for differentiating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into specific cell types are a requirement for converting the "promise of iPSCs" into reality. The knowledge derived from this research can be leveraged for high throughput  Drug Discovery and ultimately the development of therapies. I am excited to highlight results recently published by Dr. Lorenz Studer and his team at Memorial Sloan-Ketterling: Stuart M Chambers, Yuchen Qi, Yvonne Mica, Gabsang Lee, Xin-Jun Zhang, Lei Niu, James Bilsland, Lishuang Cao, Edward Stevens, Paul Whiting, Song-Hai Shi, Lorenz Studer. Combined small-molecule inhibition accelerates developmental timing and converts human pluripotent stem cells into nociceptors. Nature Biotechnology 30, 715–720 (2012) doi:10.1038/nbt.2249.

Abstract: Considerable progress has been made in identifying signaling pathways that direct the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into specialized cell types, including neurons. However, differentiation of hPSCs with extrinsic factors is a slow, step-wise process, mimicking the protracted timing of human development. Using a small-molecule screen, we identified a combination of five small-molecule pathway inhibitors that yield hPSC-derived neurons at >75% efficiency within 10 d of differentiation. The resulting neurons express canonical markers and functional properties of human nociceptors, including tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant, SCN10A-dependent sodium currents and response to nociceptive stimuli such as ATP and capsaicin. Neuronal fate acquisition occurs about threefold faster than during in vivo development(1), suggesting that use of small-molecule pathway inhibitors could become a general strategy for accelerating developmental timing in vitro. The quick and high-efficiency derivation of nociceptors offers unprecedented access to this medically relevant cell type for studies of human pain

Figure – LSB3i Differentiation model. Early LSB inhibits trophectoderm, mesendoderm, and non-neural ectoderm cell fates yielding neuroectoderm. CHIR99021, SU5402 and DAPT induce and accelerate neural crest stem cell identity by day 8 and promote rapid differentiation of the neural crest stem cells to nociceptors expressing peptidergic markers by day 10.

Note: Neuromics' TRPV1 Antibody was used as a marker for mature nociceptors.

Check out Supplementary Data for more. I will continue to post links to methods here and @ Neuromics' Stem Cell Research Reagents.

TLR3s and the Synaptic Transmission of Itch

Synaptic Transmission Markers Trifecta

Itch, also known as pruritus, is a common, intractable symptom of several skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and xerosis. This chronic condition erodes quality of life.

The authors of this publication have made an important discovery that could prove a target for treating chronic itch. They also used 3 of our markers to confirm this discovery-guinea pig anti-TRPV1, guinea pig anti-SP antibody and rabbit anti-CGRP antibodies: Tong Liu, Temugin Berta, Zhen-Zhong Xu,Chul-Kyu and Ru-Rong Ji. TLR3 deficiency impairs spinal cord synaptic transmission, central sensitization, and pruritus in mice. J Clin Invest. 2012 June 1; 122(6): 2195–2207. Published online 2012 May 8. doi:10.1172/JCI45414.

Highlights: Scratching behaviors induced by histamine-dependent and -independent pruritogens are markedly reduced in mice lacking the Tlr3 gene. TLR3 is expressed mainly by small-sized primary sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) that coexpress the itch signaling pathway components transient receptor potential subtype V1 and gastrin-releasing peptide. Ttreatment with a TLR3 agonist induces inward currents and action potentials in DRG neurons and elicited scratching in WT mice but not Tlr3–/– mice. Furthermore, excitatory synaptic transmission in spinal cord slices and long-term potentiation in the intact spinal cord were impaired in Tlr3–/– mice but not Tlr7–/– mice. Consequently, central sensitization–driven pain hypersensitivity, but not acute pain, was impaired in Tlr3–/– mice. In addition, TLR3 knockdown in DRGs also attenuated pruritus in WT mice. Finally, chronic itch in a dry skin condition was substantially reduced in Tlr3–/– mice. This demonstrates a critical role of TLR3 in regulating sensory neuronal excitability, spinal cord synaptic transmission, and central sensitization.

Images: Impaired scratching behaviors and reduced c-Fos expression in the spinal cords in Tlr3–/– mice. (A and B) Scratches in every 5 minutes (left) and 0–30 minutes (right) induced by intradermal injection of 50 μl compound 48/80 (100 μg) and CQ (200 μg). Note a reduction of both histaminergic (compound 48/80) and nonhistaminergic (CQ) itch in Tlr3–/– mice. *P < 0.05, Student’s t test; n = 11–13 mice for each group. Mean ± SEM. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA analysis also shows a significant difference in the time course of compound 48/80– and CQ-induced scratching between the 2 groups (P < 0.05). (C) c-Fos–like immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord in WT and Tlr3–/– mice 2 hours after intradermal injection of compound 48/80 (48/80) or CQ. Right panels show the number of c-Fos–positive neurons in the dorsal horn. Scale bars, 100 μm. *P < 0.05, Student’s t test; n = 4–6 mice. All the data are mean ± SEM.

Images: Expression of TLR3 in a subset of small-sized DRG neurons. (A) Single-cell RT-PCR analysis from dissociated small-sized DRG neurons showing the distinct and overlapped distribution patterns of TLR3 and TLR7 in DRG neurons. The lanes were run on the same gel but were noncontiguous. M, marker; NC, negative control. (B) Single-cell RT-PCR analysis from dissociated small-sized DRG neurons showing colocalization of TLR3 with TPRV1 and GRP. Similar results were obtained from 3 independent experiments in 30 cells collected from different animals. (C) Double immunostaining in DRGs showing co-colocalization of TLR3 and GRP. Red and yellow arrows indicate GRP+ only and double-labeled neurons, respectively. Scale bars: 50 μm. (D) Cell size distribution frequency of TLR3+ and GRP+ neurons. (E) Double immunostaining in cultured DRG neurons showing co-colocalization of TLR3 with TRPV1 but not with NF200. Green arrows indicate NF200+ or TRPV1+ neurons, red arrows indicate TLR3+ neurons, and yellow allows indicate double-labeled neurons. Scale bars: 50 μm. (F) A Venn diagram showing the relationship of TLR3+, GRP+, and TRPV1+ populations in a DRG. Note that all TLR3+ cells also express GRP and TRPV1.

Nociceptive DRG neurons are involved in itch. TRPV1 and CGRP are indispensible for itch sensation. Given that all TRL3+ cells express these proteins, TRL3 could be a viable target for treating itch. 

TRPV1s in Action

Our TRPV1s continue to be widely used and published. This recent publication features use out TRPV1-C guinea pig polyclonal for immunohistochemistry and TRPV1-mouse specific for Western Blotting: Sarah E. Canetta, Edlira Luca, Elyse Pertot, Lorna W. Role, David A. Talmage. Type III Nrg1 Back Signaling Enhances Functional TRPV1 along Sensory Axons Contributing to Basal and Inflammatory Thermal Pain Sensation. PLoS ONE 6(9): e25108. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025108...IHC: TRPV1 (guinea pig, 1:1000, GP14100 Neuromics); WB: TRPV1 (rabbit, 1:1000, RA14113 Neuromics).

Figure. Sensory axons, but not soma, from Type III Nrg1+/− mice show reduced capsaicin responsiveness compared to axons from WT mice. (A) Representative traces of intracellular calcium along sensory axons in response to 1 µM capsaicin or 56 mM KCl. The change in intracellular calcium from baseline over time ([(F−F0)/F0]*100) is shown for WT (left) and Type III Nrg1+/− (right) axons. Hatched diagonal lines indicate where the time course was non-continuous. (B) Quantification of the maximum change in intracellular calcium in response to application of 1 µM capsaicin or 56 mM KCl by genotype. Averages of 5 animals per genotype were compared using a Student's t-test. Type III Nrg1+/− axons showed a significantly decreased response to capsaicin (p<0.05), but not to KCl, relative to WTs. Graph shows mean±SEM. (C) Type III Nrg1+/− sensory soma show normal response to capsaicin. Quantification of maximal change in fluorescence from baseline ([(F−F0)/F0]*100) in WT or Type III Nrg1+/− sensory neuron soma in response to 1 µM capsaicin or 56 mM KCl. Average responses from 4 WT and 4 Type III Nrg1+/− animals to application of capsaicin or KCl were compared by genotype using a Student's t-test. There was no statistically significant difference between genotypes. Graphs show mean±SEM. (D) Type III Nrg1 (green) and TRPV1 (red) are co-expressed along P21 WT cultured sensory neuron axons identified with a pan-axonal (PA) marker (blue). White arrows indicate examples where Type III Nrg1 and TRPV1 are in close proximity. Scale bar equals 10 µm. (E) P21 WT and Type III Nrg1+/− sensory neuron cultures have equivalent levels of total TRPV1 protein. Total TRPV1 protein measurement by immunoblot. The 95 kD TRPV1 band and the 35 kD GAPDH band are shown from a representative experiment comparing protein from P21 WT and Type III Nrg1+/− cultures. Quantification of fold change in intensity of TRPV1:GAPDH normalized to WT average. There was no statistically significant change in the ratio of TRPV1 to GAPDH between genotypes (WT, Type III Nrg1+/−, n = 3 animals). Genotype comparisons were made using a Student's t-test. Graph shows mean±SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025108.g004
All TRPV1 Publications.

Immune-Inflammatory Response and Pain Research

Our Pain and Inflammation Related Research Antibodies are increasingly being used to study the root causes of immune/inflammatory related pain induction. Here're related publications: Lintao Qu, Pu Zhang, Robert H. LaMotte, Chao Ma. Neuronal Fc-gamma receptor I mediated excitatory effects of IgG immune complex on rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. Volume 25, Issue 7, October 2011, Pages 1399-1407......rabbit-anti-TRPV1, 1:1000, Neuromics...

Highlights: Pain often accompanies antigen-specific immune-related disorders though little is known of the underlying neural mechanisms. A common feature among these disorders is the elevated level of antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G in the serum and the presence of IgG immune complex (IC) in the affected tissue. We hypothesize that IC may directly activate the Fc-gamma receptor type I (FcγRI) expressed in nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and increase neuronal excitability thus potentially contributing to pain. Immunofluorescent labeling indicated that FcγRI, but not FcγRIIB or FcγRIII, was expressed in a subpopulation of rat DRG neurons including those expressing nociceptive markers. Calcium imaging revealed that the IC, but neither of the antibody (IgG) or antigen alone, produced an increase in intracellular calcium. This effect was abolished by the removal of the IgG Fc portion in the IC or the application of an anti-FcγRI antibody, suggesting a key role of the FcγRI receptor. Removal of extracellular calcium or depletion of intracellular calcium stores prevented the IC-induced calcium response. In whole-cell current-clamp recordings, IC depolarized the resting membrane potential, decreased the rheobase, and increased the number of action potentials evoked by a depolarizing current at 2× rheobase. In about half of the responsive neurons, IC evoked action potential discharges. These results suggest that a subpopulation of nociceptive neurons expresses functional FcγRI and that the activation of this receptor by IC increases neuronal excitability.

B. Huanga, X. Zhaoc, L.-B. Zhengb, L. Zhanga, B. Nia. Different expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase family members in rat dorsal root ganglia and their changes after peripheral nerve injury. Neuroscience, Volume 193, 13 October 2011, Pages 421-428....anti-P2X3 (rabbit, Neuromics, MN, USA)...

TRPV1 and Diabetic Neuropathy

Thermal hyperalgesia is a common sympton of Diabetic Periperal Neuropathy (DPN). It is one of most difficult types of pain to treat. The development of tolerance, inadequate relief and potential toxicity of classical antinociceptives warrant the investigation of the newer agents to relieve this pain.

The elevated expression of Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) suspected as a transmitter of this pain. Dr. Louis Premkumar and his team at SIU have recently published results that further demonstrate the role of TRPV1: Mahendra Bishnoi, Christine A Bosgraaf, Mruvil Abooj, Linlin Zhong, Louis S Premkumar. Streptozotocin-Induced Early Thermal Hyperalgesia is independent of Glycemic State of Rats: Role of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1(TRPV1) and inflammatory mediators. Molecular Pain 2011, 7:52 doi:10.1186/1744-8069-7-52. Published: 27 July 2011.

Figure 4. Altered TRPV1 staining in spinal cord dorsal horn of STZ-treated rats. A. Representative images of TRPV1 staining from a vehicle-treated, STZ-HG and STZNG rats. An enlarged segment has also been shown. B. Average gray values/10,000 μm² area of TRPV1 staining in dorsal horn was significantly increased (p<0.05) in both STZ-HG and STZ-NG rats as compared to vehicle-treated rats. Asterisk (*) represents p < 0.05. Scale bar is 200 μm and 50 μm for upper and lower panels, respectively.

Conclusions: From these results, it is concluded that TRPV1 is an integral component of initiating and maintaining inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia, which can be alleviated by intrathecal administration of RTX. Further, the results suggest that enhanced expression and inflammation-induced sensitization of TRPV1 at the spinal cord may play a role in central sensitization in STZ-induced neuropathy.

Therapies that downregulate or silence TRPV1 expression could be the key to better treatments for the Thermal Algesia cause by diabetes. I will keep you posted.

pERK1/2, TRPV1 and Scalding Burn Pain

I can only imaging the intense pain suffered by people with scalding pain injuries.

Understanding the bio-processes behind this form of nociceptive pain is a step towards finding better analgesics. In  this study, the authors study several key markers for pain...phosphoERK1/2 and TRPV1 (surprisingly not a major piece of the this pain signaling process).


John P.M. Whitea, Chin Wing Koa, Antonio Rei Fidalgoa, Mario Cibellia, Cleoper C. Paulea, Peter J. Andersona, Celia Cruzb, Szabolcs Gombad, Klara Matesze, Gabor Veressd, Antonio Avelinob and Istvan Nagya. Severe burn injury induces a characteristic activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in spinal dorsal horn neurons. European Journal of Pain.doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.12.006...pERK1/2 (1:1000, Neuromics; RA15002)..
Abstract: We have studied scalding-type burn injury-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in the spinal dorsal horn, which is a recognised marker for spinal nociceptive processing. At 5 min after severe scalding injury to mouse hind-paw, a substantial number of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) immunopositive neurons were found in the ipsilateral dorsal horn. At 1 h post-injury, the number of pERK1/2-labelled neurons remained substantially the same. However, at 3 h post-injury, a further increase in the number of labelled neurons was found on the ipsilateral side, while a remarkable increase in the number of labelled neurons on the contralateral side resulted in there being no significant difference between the extent of the labelling on both sides. By 6 h post-injury, the number of labelled neurons was reduced on both sides without there being significant difference between the two sides. A similar pattern of severe scalding injury-induced activation of ERK1/2 in spinal dorsal horn neurons over the same time-course was found in mice which lacked the transient receptor potential type 1 receptor (TRPV1) except that the extent to which ERK1/2 was activated in the ipsilateral dorsal horn at 5 min post-injury was significantly greater in wild-type animals when compared to TRPV1 null animals. This difference in activation of ERK1/2 in spinal dorsal horn neurons was abolished within 1 h after injury, demonstrating that TRPV1 is not essential for the maintenance of ongoing spinal nociceptive processing in inflammatory pain conditions in mouse resulting from at least certain types of severe burn injury.

TRPV1 & P2X3-Daily Double

Low pH and Chronic Muscle Pain

Our Pain and Inflammation Antibodies are routinely used for chronic pain. I would like to highlight a recent publication referencing use of our  Guinea Pig TRPV1 and Pig 2X3 Antibodies and Blocking Peptides:

James P. Lund,Somayeh Sadeghi,Tuija Athanassiadis, Nadia Caram Salas, François Auclair, Benoît Thivierge, Isabel Arsenault, Pierre Rompré, Karl-Gunnar Westberg, and Arlette Kolta.Assessment of the Potential Role of Muscle Spindle Mechanoreceptor Afferents in Chronic Muscle Pain in the Rat Masseter Muscle. PLoS One. 2010; 5(6): e11131. Published online 2010 June 15 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011131.

Conclusions/Significance

Low pH leads to changes in several electrical properties of MSA, including initiation of ectopic action potentials which could propagate centrally but could also invade the peripheral endings causing glutamate release and activation of nearby nociceptors within the spindle capsule. This peripheral drive could contribute both to the transition to, and maintenance of, persistent muscle pain as seen in some “functional” pain syndromes.

Images: Photomicrographs of trigeminal ganglion neurons stained with TRPV1 and P2X3.

Related Reagents:

Pain and Inflammation Research Antibodies

Neurotransmission

Primary Neurons and Astrocytes-Primary human, rat and mouse neurons and astrocytes

TRPV1 Expression and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Dr Bret. Smith and his lab at Tulane have demontrated a link between Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) and VR1 N-Terminus (TRPV1) expression.

In this excellent study they showed an increase in expression in TLE mice vs controls.

Muthu D. Bhaskaran and Bret N. Smith. Effects of TRPV1 activation on synaptic excitation in the dentate gyrus of a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.01.021
...with polyclonal VR1 N-terminus (1:2500) (Neuromics, Edina)..

Abstract: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a condition characterized by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the temporal lobe. Hallmarks of this change are axon sprouting and accompanying synaptic reorganization in the temporal lobe. Synthetic and endogenous cannabinoids have variable therapeutic potential in treating intractable temporal lobe epilepsy, in part because cannabinoid ligands can bind multiple receptor types. This study utilized in vitro electrophysiological methods to examine the effect of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) activation in dentate gyrus granule cells in a murine model of TLE. Capsaicin, a selective TRPV1 agonist had no measurable effect on overall synaptic input to granule cells in control animals, but significantly enhanced spontaneous and miniature EPSC frequency in mice with TLE. Exogenous application of anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid that acts at both TRPV1 and cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1R), also enhanced glutamate release in the presence of a CB1R antagonist. Anandamide reduced the EPSC frequency when TRPV1 were blocked with capsazepine. Western blot analysis of TRPV1 receptor indicated protein expression was significantly greater in the dentate gyrus of mice with TLE compared with control mice. This study indicates that a prominent cannabinoid agonist can increase excitatory circuit activity in the synaptically reorganized dentate gyrus of mice with TLE by activating TRPV1 receptors, and suggests caution in designing anticonvulsant therapy based on modulating the endocannabinoid system.

Images: Western blot detection of TRPV1 receptor expression in the dentate gyrus. A. Diagram of dentate gyrus showing the microdissected area (box). B. Western blot showing TRPV1 receptor expression in two untreated mice and in two pilocarpine-treated mice that survived SE. Actin was used as the loading control which did not change significantly. C. Graph showing a significant (p less than 0.05; n=4) TRPV1 expression in epileptic mice.

Related Reagents:

TRPV (Vanilloid); TRPM; TRPA and TRPCs

Neurotransmission Research Antibodies-GPCRs, Ligand Gated Ion Channels, Biogenic Amines and more

Primary Neurons and Astrocytes- Primary human, rat and mouse neurons and astrocytes by Category.

Making Gains on Pain Research

Neuromics' Pain Research Customers continue to make gains using our Pain and Inflammation Research Antibodies and Transfection Kits. Here are the latest pubs:

Hua Zhang and A. S. Verkman. Aquaporin-1 Tunes Pain Perception by Interaction with Nav1.8 Na+ Channels in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. February 19, 2010 The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 285, 5896-5906.

...chicken anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; 1:500, Neuromics, Edina, MN)...

Nathaniel A. Sowa, Bonnie Taylor-Blake, and Mark J. Zylka. Ecto-5'-Nucleotidase (CD73) Inhibits Nociception by Hydrolyzing AMP to Adenosine in Nociceptive Circuits. The Journal of Neuroscience, February 10, 2010, 30(6):2235-2244; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5324-09.2010.

...rabbit anti-P2X3-RA10109, Neuromics; 1:750), rabbit anti- VR1 C-Terminus (TRPV1) - mouse specific (RA14113, Neuromics; 1:750

Images: Images: Confocal images showing the effect of RTX on mu opioid receptor and TRPV1 immunoreactive DRG neurons and afferent terminals in the spinal cord. A: representative confocal images showing mu opioid receptor (green) and TRPV1 (red) immunoreactivities in DRG neurons of one vehicle- and one RTX-treated rat. Scale bar, 40 um. B: confocal images showing mu opioid receptor (green) and TRPV1 (red) immunoreactivities in afferent terminals in the spinal dorsal horn of 1 vehicle- and 1 RTX-treated rat. Scale bar, 80 um. Inset: high-magnification images (scale bar = 5 um) showing co-localization of mu opioid receptor and TRPV1 immunoreactivity in the lamina I. Co-localization of the mu opioid receptor and TRPV1 immunoreactivity is indicated in yellow when 2 images are digitally merged. All images are single confocal optical sections. Shao-Rui Chen and Hui-Lin Pan. Loss of TRPV1-Expressing Sensory Neurons Reduces Spinal mu-Opioid Receptors But Paradoxically Potentiates Opioid Analgesia. doi:10.1152/jn.01343.2005.

Neuromics' i-Fect ™ siRNA Transfection Reagent continues to be used a tool for studying expression of genes suspected to paly a role in pain . Expression studies include: DOR , The β3 subunit of the Na+,K+-ATPase, rSNSR1, NTS1. NAV1.8, Ca_V1.2 and more.

Here's a link to all transfection publications: Transfection Kit Pubs

Related Reagents:

Neurotransmission Research Antibodies-GPCRs, Ligand Gated Ion Channels, Biogenic Amines and more Opioid Neuropeptides

Purinergic Receptors Primary Neurons and Astrocytes- Primary human, rat and mouse neurons and astrocytes by Category

Opioid Receptors TRPV (Vanilloid); TRPM; TRPA and TRPCs

More Success with TRPV1

Dr. Irmgard Tegeder and team have been using our VR1 N-Terminus (TRPV1) as a marker to study how B kinase (IKK) plays a role in sensory neuron excitability and nociception.

The antibody was used for both Western Blot and Immunohistochemistry. Here's a recent publication of their results:

Vanessa Bockhart, Cristina Elena Constantin, Annett Häussler, Nina Wijnvoord, Maike Kanngiesser, Thekla Myrczek, Geethanjali Pickert,Laura Popp, Jürgen-Markus Sobotzik, Manolis Pasparakis, Rohini Kuner, Gerd Geisslinger, Christian Schultz, Michaela Kress, and Irmgard Tegeder. Inhibitor B Kinase β Deficiency in Primary Nociceptive Neurons Increases TRP Channel Sensitivity. The Journal of Neuroscience, October 14, 2009, 29(41):12919-12929; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1496-09.2009

Related Reagents:
All TRPV (Vanilloid); TRPM; TRPA and TRPC Antibodies
Pain and Inflammation Research Antibodies

TRPV1 Antibodies in Action

We would like to thank Dr. Fletcher White, LUMC, for Sharing this data with us:

Images: The CCR2 chemokine receptor colocalized with IB4 and TRPV1, markers of nociceptive neurons, after injury. A) Many lumbar DRG neurons in vehicle-treated rat sensory neurons were positive for IB4, a neuronal phenotype that distinguishes some C-fiber nociceptors (red cells), however there was no expression of the CCR2 protein. B) After perineural gp120/hCD4 treatment, CCR2 protein expression (green cells) was upregulated, and co-localized with IB4. C) Both gp120/hCD4 and ddC treatment resulted in an upregulation of CCR2 expression (green cells) in many small and medium diameter neurons. Again, CCR2 co-localized in a number of IB4 positive cells. D) The TRPV1 channel is present on many nociceptive neurons and is involved in the neuropathic pain mechanism. Under normal conditions, TRPV1 was expressed in neurons (red cells). E) After gp120/hCD4 treatment, CCR2 expression is upregulated (green cells) and colocalized with TRPV1. F) After the combination of gp120/hCD4 and ddC treatments, again CCR2 was upregulated to a similar degree as gp120/hCD4 treatment alone and exhibited some colocalizations with TRPV1.
Scale Bar: 100um.

We would also like to share recent publications referencing our TRPVs:

Hao Sun, De-Pei Li, Shao-Rui Chen, Walter Hittelman, and Hui-Lin PanSensing of Blood Pressure Increase by Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Receptors on BaroreceptorsJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., Sep 2009; doi:10.1124/jpet.109.160473 ......guinea pig anti-TRPV1, dilution 1:1000, Neuromics, Minneapolis, MN) and secondary antibody...guinea pig anti-VR1 C-terminus (TRPV1), dilution 1:1000,Neuromics; and rabbit anti-NF200, dilution 1:100...guinea pig anti-TRPV1, dilution 1:1000, Neuromics) for 2 hr at room temperature and

overnight......Kenjiro Matsumoto, Emi Kurosawa, Hiroyuki Terui, Takuji Hosoya, Kimihito Tashima, Toshihiko Murayama, John V. Priestley, and Syunji HorieLocalization of TRPV1 and contractile effect of capsaicin in mouse large intestine: high abundance and sensitivity in rectum and distal colonAm J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, Aug 2009; 297: G348 - G360. ......TRPV1 antibody (mouse TRPV1 C-terminus; Neuromics, Minneapolis, MN) were 1:60,000 for rectum...different anti-TRPV1 antibodies (1:60,000, Neuromics, and rat TRPV1 COOH-terminus, 1:1,000...experiments, the antibody (1:60,000; Neuromics) was preincubated with 10 uM of the corresponding......

Featured Reagents:
VR1 N-Terminus (TRPV1)
VR1 C-terminus (TRPV1)
VR1 C-Terminus (TRPV1) - mouse specific
Related Reagents
VR1 (TRPV1)-Goat
VR like-3 (TRPV3)
All TRPV (Vanilloid); TRPM; TRPA and TRPCs
Pain and Inflammation Antibodies

TRPA1 in Craniofacial Muscle Pain

Dr. Jin Ro and his team reference use of TRP antibodies in their recent study of craniofacial muscle nociception and mechanical hyperalgesia:

Jin Y. Ro, Jong-Seok Lee and Youping Zhang. Activation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 leads to muscle nociception and mechanical hyperalgesia. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.04.021.

... TRPA1 (1:1500; rat polyclonal, Neuromics)...

Featured Reagents
TRPA1-Cat#: RA14135
Related Reagents:
TRPA1 for WB
VR1 N-Terminus (TRPV1)
VR1 C-terminus (TRPV1)
VR1 C-Terminus (TRPV1) - mouse specific
VR1 (TRPV1)-Goat
VR like-3 (TRPV3)
All TRPV (Vanilloid); TRPM; TRPA and TRPCs
Pain and Inflammation Antibodies