Customer Data-GFAP IHC

We would like to thank Dr. Qi-Lin Cao, University of Louisville Medical School for this excellent image.

Image: GFAP (Catalog#: CH22102) Staining of of Astrocytes in the Ventral horn and Funiculus of Adult Rat Spinal Cord.

Dilution 1:500

NP Y2 Image and Publication

We would like to thank Dr. Victor Nadler and his team for sharing this image and publication with us!
















NPY Y2 Receptor-Catalog#: RA14112 immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus.

Related Publication:
B Tu, Y Jiao, H Herzog, JV Nadler. Neuropeptide Y regulates recurrent mossy fiber synaptic transmission less effectively in mice than in rats: correlation with Y2 receptor plasticity. Neuroscience, 143, 1085-1094 (2006)

P2Y2-It is baaack!

We have finally managed to make a new P2Y2 (Catalog#: RA14102) that passed our IHC certification process.




Image: P2Y2 Staining of Rat DRG.

Related Antibodies to Consider:
P2X1
P2X2-Guinea Pig
P2X2-Rabbit
P2X3-Rabbit
P2X3-Guinea Pig
Neuropeptides
Opioids
Opioid Neuropeptides
TRPV1s
Vision and Retina
Cancer

Excellent TUJ-1 IHC

We would like to thank Christine Graham and Doug Vetter, Tufts Univ. School of Medicine, Boston for the excellent image.



Tuj-1 Catalog#: MO15013 staining of
staining of mouse cochlea (whole mount, ~50um).

Tuj-1 Rabbit Polyclonal
All Neuron-Glial Markers
All Stem Cell Reagents

P2X3 Western Blot

There have recently been customer question on the expected band for our P2X3 Antibody (Catalog#: RA10109)
Here's an excellent publication showing both WB and IHC for this antibody.

P2X2 and P2X3 receptor expression in postnatal and adult rat urinary bladder and lumbosacral spinal cord Simon Studeny, Ali Torabi and Margaret A. Vizzard.




Figure: Western blot of whole urinary bladder (40 mg) for P2X3 receptor expression in postnatal (P0-P36) and adult (A) rats. Erk staining was used as a loading control. B. Preabsorption of P2X3 antibody with immunogen (1 mg ml−1) eliminated the band at 75kD. C. Histogram of relative P2X3 band density in all groups examined normalized to erk-1 staining. P2X3 receptor expression in urinary bladder is significantly increased from P14-P21 compared to adult rat bladder. *, p ≤ 0.005, #, p ≤ 0.01.

ESC to Neural Progenitors-Role of MOR-1C

Features use of Neuromics' MOR-1C

Eunhae Kim, Amy L. Clark , Alexi Kiss, Jason W. Hahn, Robin Wesselschmidt. MU AND KAPPA OPIOIDS INDUCE THE DIFFERENTIATION OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS TO NEURAL PROGENITORS
JBC Papers in Press. Published on September 1, 2006 as Manuscript M603862200






Image: A-D-Staining of Differentiated Stem Cells. D3 ES cells were maintained in serum/LIF/ME induced self-renewal conditions (undifferentiated cells, D3). Upon treatment with 1 µM RA they undergo differentiation (dD3). Cells were fixed and permeabilized. Treatments were followed by overnight incubation with polyclonal MOR-1 (C-terminus, 1:2500)

New TRPV1-C Publication

Amol M. Patwardhan, Nathaniel A. Jeske, Theodore J. Price, Nikita Gamper, Armen N. Akopian, and Kenneth M. Hargreaves. The cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 inhibits transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and evokes peripheral antihyperalgesia via calcineurin. PNAS 103 (July 2006): 11393-11398.


















Figure: WIN activates calcineurin in TG neurons and dephosphorylates TRPV1. (A) Calcineurin subunits are coexpressed with TRPV1. The colocalization of calcineurin A subunit (Upper) and B subunit (Lower) with TRPV1isdemonstratedin the respective panels.(B) The effect of various treatments on the nuclear translocation of NFATc4 (calcineurin activation). Cultured TG neuronswere exposed to vehicle, ionomycin (1 M), capsaicin (1 M), WIN (25 M), or WINCAIP(25 M50 M), and immunohistochemistry was performed by using an antibody againstNFATc4. (C) Graphical representation of the percent of NFATc4 positive neurons showing nuclear translocation of NFAFc4 after treatment with VEHVEH, VEHWIN (25 M), CAIP (50 M)WIN, VEHCAP (1 M), or CAIP(50 M)CAP (n 4 independent cultures assessed by blinded observer; n 152–180 cells per condition; **, P<0.01,anovawith n="3">

4 New Interleukins

These Interleukins have been tested for IHC and WB apps and recommended for use by Diabetes/Obesity, Cancer, Neurodegenerative Disease and Pain/Inflammation Researchers

IL-1Alpha/IL-F1







Image: IL-1α staining of blood lymphocytes. Cells were stained using anti-gat-Cy3 (red) and counterstained with Fluoro Nissl Green







IL-1Beta






Image: IL-1 beta staining (red color) in mouse splenocytes stimulated with Con A. Cell nuclei counterstained green.






IL-1 R1



Image: IL-1R staining of mouse thymus. Staining was done using HRP-DAB (brown) detection. Tissue was counterstained with haematoxylin (blue).





IL-6





Image: IL-6 staining of mouse T cells. Cells were stained with goat anti-rat IL-6 (red) and nuclei counterstained with Fluoro Nissl Green.

Monoclonal Ubiquitin Antibodies-Great IHC

Ubiquitin is a protein that plays a role in the targeting of proteins for proteolytic degradation. Ubiquitin becomes covalently bonded to many types of pathological inclusions seen in neurodegenerative diseases that appear to be resistant to normal degradation. The neurofibrillary tangles and paired helical filaments diagnostic of Alzheimer's disease, the Lewy bodies seen in Parkinson's disease, and Pick bodies found in Pick's disease are all heavily ubiquitinated and can all be readily visualized with this antibody.


Ubiquitin-Catolog#:19005














Image: ABC-HRP staining with Ubiquitin monoclonal antibody (diluted 1:1,000) of Alzheimer’s disease cerebral cortex showing dystrophic neuritis, which contain ubiquitinated tau. The inclusions are detected by the Ubiquitin antibody. Normal cortex does not contain inclusions and would be white in color.

Ubiquitin-Catalog#: MO18001















Confocal images of hippocampal CA1 sections from rats, (A) mock-treated or (B) subjected to 15 minutes ischemia followed by 24 hours of reperfusion, using ubiquitin mouse antibody (green) and propidium iodide (red). Data courtesy of Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.

New ChAT IHC Data

A big thank you to the Patrick Carr Lab at University of North Dakota for the excellent image.

ChAT (Choline Acetyltransferase-Catalog#: CH23000)







Image: IHC Staining in Rat Brainstem








Other Reagents to Consider:
Neuron-Glial Markers-Chickens:
CNPase (CH23013)
GAP 43 (CH23004)
GFAP (CH23001)
GFAP (CH22102)
MAP2 (CH22103)
NSE (CH23003)
Nestin (CH23001)
Netrin-1 (CH23002)
NF-H (CH22104)
NF-L (CH22105)
NF-M (CH22106)
NF-M (CH23104)
PLP (CH23008)
Po (CH23009)
S-100 (CH23012)
Tuj 1 (CH23005)
All Neuron-Glial Markers
Stem Cell Reagents

New P2X3 Data

P2X3 Catalog#: RA10109

Data Courtesy of Dr. Yan Sun University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore
















Image: Double immunofluorescence staining in cultured human bladder urothelial cells (BUCs). BUCs show cytokeratin (red areas) and P2X3 (green areas) expression.

Figure: Flow cytometry and FACS analysis of P2X3 expression in human BUCs. P2X3 expression in BUCs were compared among in vitro stretched samples and unstretched samples in both normal and interstitial cystitis (IC) patients. A, unstretched normal BUCs. B, stretched normal BUCs. C, unstretched IC BUCs. D, stretched IC BUCs. M1 region represents P2X3 localization detected.

New AD Research Antibodies

We continue to add to our catalog of Neurodegenerative Disease Reagents:

BACE-1
Cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) into 40 or 42 amino acid amyloid β (aβ) peptides is a result of the action of two proteases β- and γ-secretase. The beta-site APP cleaving enzyme, or BACE-1, is a transmembrane aspartic protease that is localized in the golgi and endosomes. Low levels of BACE-1 mRNA are found in most adult tissues with a higher level of expression in pancreas.





Image: Detection of BACE-1 in human cerebellum. Stained with HRP-DAP (brown) and counter-stained with hemtoxylin (blue).








Abeta 40 (beta amyloid 1-40) and Abeta 42 (beta amyloid 1-42)
Amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) is associated with neuronal injury and death in Alzheimer's disease. These proteins are the main components of amyloid plaques. Abeta 42 plays a bigger role in deneurogeneration and is more strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease than Abeta 40.





Image: Detection of Abeta 40 on 5 ng of peptide per lane using NB 300-225. Lane 1: Abeta-40, lane 2: Abeta-42, lane 3: Abeta-40 and -42 mix

TRPV1-N and C Data

Some interesting results from:

Sharif Naeini R, Witty MF, Seguela P, Bourque CW (2006) An N-terminal variant of Trpv1 channel is required for osmosensory transduction. Nature Neuroscience. (1):93-8.


Figure: SON Neurons express an N-terminal variant(s) of TRPV1 (a) Simplified structure of mRNA (numbered boxes show exons of TRPV1 gene) encoding TRPV1 (above). Gray arrow tails and lines illustrate mRNA regions detected by primer sets A and B. RT-PCR analysis of mRNAs expressed in DRG and SON (below). Note the lack of signals for the N terminus of TRPV1 (lane 2, exons 2-6, primer set A) in SON. (b) Immunocytochemical staining confirmed the presence of full length TRPV1 in DRG neurons. In contrast, only the C-terminus of the TRPV1 protein (C-TRPV1) was detected in the AVP positive SON neurons. (c) Whole-cell recordings reveal that DRG neurons are sensitive to capsaicin ('Cap,' 10 uM, 5s) but that SON neurons are insensitive.

New Publication-Neuromic's E-18 Primary Hippocampal Neurons

Brian Hoffpauir , Emily McMains, and Evanna Gleason Nitric Oxide Transiently Converts Synaptic Inhibition to Excitation in Retinal Amacrine Cells J Neurophysiol 95: 2866-2877, 2006

Hippocampal cultures were made from 18-day-old rat (Fischer 3440) embryos. Micro-dissected hippocampal tissue was obtained from Neuromics (Bloomington, MN) and prepared and maintained according to the supplier’s protocols. Recordings from single hippocampal neurons were made after 4–7 days in culture. No physiological assessments of the relative maturity of these cells have been made. According to their developmental timeline alone, they would be considered embryonic.

New Goat VR1 (TRPV1) and Rabbit NK1 Antibody

Catalog #: GT15129

Image: VR1 staining in Rat DRG: red color - TRPV1 labeling, green-counterstain.

Description: VR1, also known as TRPV1 (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1) and capsaicin receptor, is a 115 kDa integral membrane ion channel that has six transmembrane domains and contains intracellular N-and C-termini. It contributes to normal pain and temperature sensation and also has a "sensory-effector" function. By alternative splicing, at least three VR1 isoforms are known. The sequence of residues 4 - 21 of rat VR1 is 78% and 28% identical to that of mouse and human VR1, respectively.


Catalog #: RA25001

Image: NK 1 staining of lamina III neuron in the spinal cord of a rat.

Description: The tachykinins belong to an evolutionary conserved family of peptide neurotransmitters that share the c-terminal sequence Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 and have an established role in neurotransmission. The mammalian tachykinins include substance P, neurokinin A (NKA) and neurokinin B (NKB) which exert their effects by binding to specific receptors. Tachykinin peptides are important in the mediation of many physiological and pathological processes including inflammation, pain, migraine headache and allergy induced asthma. Three tachykinin receptor types have been characterized, NK-1, NK-2 and NK-3 which have preferential affinities for SP, NKA and NKB respectively. All three receptors share a high degree of sequence homology, have seven transmembrane spanning domains and similar signal transduction mechanisms (e.g. G-protein coupled activation of phospholipase C).

New GFAP IHC Image

GFAP (Cat# 22102)-Staining in mouse retina. Courtesy od Dr. Sal Stella.

IHC Protocol

New SHANK1a C-terminus IHC Image

SHANK1a C-terminus Staining in Mouse Retina. Image Courtesy of Sal Stella, UCLA

Antibody Protocol: on vertical sections of rat and mouse retina

New BDNF and NT-3 IHC Images

Images from Dr. Matt Ramer's Lab, University of British Columbia, Courtesy of Dr. Lowell McPhail.















NT-3 Staining in Rat Dorsal Horn















BDNF Staining in Rat Cerebellum

You've Been Patient-Now We Have It!

We have finally produced a new and robust P2X3 Guinea Pig Antibody. It tested out beautifully in IHC.

The Neuromics-AlphaGenix alliance

We are thrilled to be working with Neuromics in the area of RNAi and believe it has enormous potential for genetic-based therapies for neurological disorders, neuro-oncology, viral infections and inherited genetic disorders.

Neuromics and AlphaGenix work closely with Dr. Mark Behlke, Vice President of Molecular Genetics at Integrated DNA Technologies to develop optimum strategies for the design of RNAi molecules.

This is followed by developing in vitro studies on primary cells, which are required in order to design in vivo strategies to inhibit targeted gene expression. While transfection studies enhance our understanding of RNAi technology, we believe that it is vital to demonstrate validation by including sufficent controls as well as demonstrating knockdown of endogenous message.

We will be routinely publishing new publications to this blog. In this way, researchers are able to get leading papers and reviews in these fields of research as well as having the ability to bring their own expertise to the table. Indeed, science is a collective effort and we encourage you as colleagues to help all of us keep on the cutting edge.

Best regards,

Stephen Hall, Ph.D.

RNAi Transfection Alliance

Neuromics and Alphagenix would like to announce our RNAi Transfection Alliance. We will be partnering with IDT to develop and commercialize better ways to deliver RNAi to Glia, Neurons and the Nervous System.

Here are some related publications:

Progress Towards in vivo Use of siRNAs
siRNAi: Applications in Functional Genomics and Potential as Therapeutics
Assembly and Function of RNAi Silencing Complexes
Synthetic dsRNA Substrates Enhance RNAi Potency and Efficacy

In vivo Publications:

Luo MC, Zhang DQ, Ma SW, Huang YY, Shuster SJ, Porreca F, Lai J (2005). An efficient intrathecal delivery of small interfering RNA to the spinal cord and peripheral neurons. Molecular Pain 2005, 1:29.

Priti Kumar, Sang Kyung Lee, Premlata Shankar, N. Manjunath (2006) A Single siRNA Suppresses Fatal Encephalitis Induced by Two Different Flaviviruses. PLOS Medicine, Volume 3 Issue 4 APRIL 2006

New Article with RNAi and i-Fect in vivo Results

A Single siRNA Suppresses Fatal Encephalitis Induced by Two Different Flaviviruses

Priti Kumar1, Sang Kyung Lee2, Premlata Shankar1*, N. Manjunath1*
1 The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, 2 Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea

ABSTRACT
Background
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are neurotropic flaviviruses that can cause acute encephalitis with a high fatality rate. Currently there is no effective treatment for these infections.
Methods and Findings
We tested RNA interference (RNAi)-based intervention to suppress lethal JE and WN encephalitis in mice. To induce RNAi, we used either lentivirally expressed short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or synthetic short interfering RNA (siRNA). As target, we selected the cd loop-coding sequence in domain II of the viral Envelope protein, which is highly conserved among all flaviviruses because of its essential role in membrane fusion. Using as a target a species-specific sequence in the cd loop that is conserved only among the different strains of either JEV or WNV, we could achieve specific protection against the corresponding virus. However, by targeting a cross-species conserved sequence within the cd loop, we were able to protect mice against encephalitis induced by both viruses. A single intracranial administration of lentivirally delivered shRNA or lipid-complexed siRNA before viral challenge or siRNA treatment after viral challenge was sufficient for protection against lethal encephalitis.
Conclusions
RNAi-based intervention affords near complete protection from both JEV- and WNV- induced encephalitis in mice. Our results show, to our knowledge for the first time, that siRNA can be used as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent for treating encephalitis caused by multiple related viruses.
Funding: This work was supported by NIH grant U19 AI 056900 to NM and PS.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Academic Editor: Clifford Lane, National Institutes of Health, United States of America
Received: September 20, 2005; Accepted: December 16, 2005; Published: February 14, 2006
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030096
Copyright: © 2006 Kumar et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Relevant to i-Fect (TM)

"Although there is a report of the successful use of naked siRNA targeting the pain-related cation channel P2X3 to treat chronic neuropathic pain in a rat model [28], other studies suggest that naked siRNA is poorly taken up by brain parenchymal cells [29,30]. Recently, a cationic lipid formulation, i-Fect (Neuromics) has been found to deliver siRNA into neuronal cells without toxicity (Dr. Josephine Lai, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, personal communication). We tested if synthetic FvEJ siRNA (siFvEJ) complexed with i-Fect can protect mice against viral encephalitis. After confirming that i-Fect can transduse siFvEJ siRNA as efficiently as lipofectamine to inhibit JEV infection in Neuro 2a cells (Figure 3A), we infected mice by IC injection with JEV and, after allowing 30 min for viral adsorption, injected the synthetic siFvEJ or control luciferase siRNA (siLuc) complexed with i-Fect at the same site. All mice injected with siLuc died by day 5, whereas all of the siFvEJ-injected mice survived indefinitely (Figure 3B), suggesting that i-Fect can deliver siRNA into neuronal cells and result in protection that is similar to the lentivirally delivered shRNA."

More Customer Data-Ret and SHANK 1a-C-terminus

Ret-(Cat#GT15002)

Thank you Kim Carnes, UIUC, for the image and protocol for the Ret staining of spermatagonial stem cells.

Protocol

Depraffinize and hydration
Peroxidase blocking - 30 minutes in 0.06% H2O2 in methanol.
Antigen retrieval - 0.01M Citrate buffer (pH6.0) in microwave (10 minutes, power level 7)
Serum blocking - horse serum (unfiltered normal, diluted1:100) for 30 minutes.
Primary antibody - Neuromics Ret antibody (1:200), overnight at 4º C in a moisture chamber.
Secondary Ab - this was a horse universal biotinylated ab that came in a kit (with the above horse serum) diluted 1:50 with PBS and horse serum (also 1:50) for 60 minutes at room temp.
ABC incubation (Vector ABC Elite kit) - 30 minutes.
Colorization with DAB, counterstain with hematoxylin followed by dehydration.

We use PBS rinses between steps.

SHANK 1a C-terminus

Thank you Alex Vila, UCLA, for your image and protocol for the SHANK 1a C-terminus staining of retinol tissue

Protocol

Species: Mouse C57B6
Fixation: 15 minute 4% paraformaldehyde fixation
Antibody dilution: 1:800 overnight.
Secondary Alexa 568 1:500 for 45 minutes
Tissue preparation: Blocked for 2 hrs at room temp in 10% normal goat serum and
Triton X-100 (0.5%) in 0.1 M Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)
Washed: 3X 0.1 M PBS between primary and secondary step.
Mounted tissue with Paramount.
Confocal: Images are 2048 X 2048, 12 bit, collected with a 40X water objective, 10 stacks 0.55 um per stack

New Park7 Data-Thank you Amanda Ashley

We have received extremely positive feedback on the quality of our PARK7 (DJ-1) antibody. In addition to feedback, Amanda Ashley, in Dr. Legare's Laboratory, Colorado State University, resently sent us a very clean Western Blot using the PARK7 (DJ-1) antibody comparing wildtype to PARK7/DJ-1 knockout animals





Click to see full sized image.


WB: Wild type and PARK7 (DJ-1) KO animals
Data courtesy of Amanda Ashley and Dr. Marie Legare, Colorado State University.

Western conditions:
– 25mg protein from mouse brain lysate
– 1:2000 Park7 (DJ-1) antibody (Cat # RA19006)
– 12% gel
– Electrotransferred onto PVDF
– Blocked with 5% BSA in TBS-Tween
– Detected with ImmunStar HRP (BioRad)
– Dually probed for beta-actin (1:1000, Sigma)

News Release from Neuromics RNAi Collaborators

Alnylam - Developing Technology With Gene Silencing Potential
... of Dr. Frank Porreca and Dr. Josephine Lai at the University of Arizona
evaluated siRNAs that target the gene for NPY, a pain-associated peptide. ...

Annual SFN Chicago Meeting-March 3rd 2006

The meeting will be held at the Harold Washington Library in downtown Chicago.

We are pleased that Dr Tomas Hokfelt, a friend and key Neuromics' collaborator, will be presenting:

Three Decades of with Three Swedish Peptides: Substance P, NPY and Galanin

“Working with Neuromics has truly been a collaborative effort, from the initial antibody generation strategy to its development and characterization. This interaction between our groups was an important factor in our successful generation of a novel NPY Y2 antibody.” Dr. Tomas Hokfelt, Karolinska Institute

More specifics to follow...

PDF to Walter Low's Stem Cell Data

Here's the Link

Walt Low's PDF Report on Neuromics' Rat NSCs

Neural Stem Cell Data Was Generated Using Neuromics' Neural Stem Cell Kit (Cat#: NP37100)

New Antibody from The David Holtzman Lab

ABCA1

By Western blot mouse anti-ABCA1 (MO13101; clone HJ1) recognizes rat (left image), mouse (right image) and to a lesser extent human (left image) ABCA1.

Dr. David Holtman Lab-Washington University School of Medicine

http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/people/holtzman.html

Finding a Better Way

FACS/Phenotyping-A constant challenge working with neural stem and progenitors cells is to determine the percentage of cells of a given phenotype within the culture. Phenotypic characterization of the entire cell population is of the utmost importance in determining the efficacy of your cell culture conditions to generate the neural or glial cell of interest. Immunocytochemistry can get you a long way to understanding the types of cells you obtained in your culture, but it is both time consuming and qualitative in nature.
A far better approach is to analyze your cells by FACS. Although routinely employed within many branches of biology and medical technology, FACS is not a common technique used in Neuroscience. It is our hope that by offering the IntraCtyeTM kits, intracellular FACS analysis will be more accessible to and used more often by neuroscientists. We are currently offering several basic kits as well as a kit designed for rat neural progenitor cell phenotyping (IntraCyte-rNSC). The kit has been tested with our rat Neural Stem Cell Kit and is a powerful analytic tool to analyze the neural and glial cell within your culture.

The IntraCyte kit technology and the precision and accuracy of flow cytometry, enables you to get statistically significant, multi-parameter data at the single-cell level, on thousands of cells per sample in seconds. Even though we enjoy nothing more than looking at beautifully labeled neuronal cultures, we can do without the tedious and inaccurate counting of these cells in the dark!

RNAi and Huntington's

From the Cover: RNA interference improves motor and neuropathological abnormalities in a Huntington's disease mouse model.Harper SQ, Staber PD, ..., Paulson HL, Davidson BLProc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005 Apr 19 102(16):5820-5 [abstract on PubMed] [related articles] [order article]

Excellent Neural Stem Cell Data and images

We would like to thank Drs. Walter Low and Jing Xiao of the University of Minnesota for providing these excellent images from experiments using select Neuromics' Neural Stem Cell Reagents



















Figure1 and Figure2
Customer Data generated using Neuromics' Neural Stem Cell Kit Catalog #: NP37100. Data Courtesy of Walter Low and Jing Xiao, University of Minnesota
Neural progenitor cells were plated and maintained in Proliferation Media (Figure 1). For differentiation, cells were added to 4 well chamber slides, grown in proliferation media for 24 hours and then switched to Commitment Media with various growth factors added. Cells were cultured for 14 days and then processed by immunocytochemistry. Figure 2 shows representative data from 1 experiment using bFGF/EFG (figure 2B) for differentiation.

Post Comments

As a company always looking for ways to better serve our customers, we welcome any comments, information, input on products, etc. from the world of Neuroscience. We send a link out each month to 9,000 plus researchers so any information or knowledge posted will extend its reach. Thank you!

Sam Shuster
CEO and CSO

Stem Cell to Neurons

Stem Cells to Nerve Cells
Small synthetic molecule initiates differentiation of adult neuronal rat brain cells to neurons
12/28/2005 - Adult neuronal stem cells have the potential to mature into functional nerve cells (neurons) and neuron support cells (astroglia). The mechanisms for this process are thus far not well understood. Res...
http://www.bionity.com/news/e/51090/01065/137777

Important Nature Journal Article on 27 vs 21mer potency. Comments Welcome!

http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v23/n2/abs/nbt1051.html

Dong-Ho Kim, Mark A Behlke, Scott D Rose, Mi-Sook Chang, Sangdun Choi & John J Rossi. Synthetic dsRNA Dicer substrates enhance RNAi potency and efficacy. Nature Biotechnology 23, 222 - 226 (2004).